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Mastering firearms terminology is essential for everyone, whether you’re a seasoned enthusiast, a newcomer, or someone with a passion for history. With the wide range of specialized terms and phrases in the industry, it can be easy to feel overwhelmed. Whether you’re trying to understand the difference between semi-automatic and full-auto, decode common acronyms, or simply grasp the everyday language of gun owners, navigating the jargon can be challenging.

To help you cut through the confusion, we’ve put together the Max Tactical Firearms, LLC – Firearm Glossary—a comprehensive, easy-to-use guide that defines the key terms and phrases used in the firearms world. This resource not only provides clear, concise definitions of modern terminology, but also includes historic terms for those with an interest in firearms history. It’s designed to be an invaluable tool for anyone looking to expand their knowledge, refresh their understanding, or explore the rich history of firearms terminology. Whether you’re discussing, purchasing, or handling firearms, the glossary ensures you’re armed with the right vocabulary to confidently engage in any conversation.

If the world of firearms ever feels overwhelming, simply refer back to this guide to stay informed and on track. Explore the Max Tactical Firearms, LLC – Firearm Glossary today and take your firearms terminology to the next level!

A

.22 LR (.22 Long Rifle): The .22 LR (Long Rifle) is one of the most popular and widely used rimfire cartridges, known for its low recoil, affordability, and versatility. Its mild recoil makes it a favorite among beginners and experienced shooters alike, offering easy handling for both small and large-frame shooters. The .22 LR’s relatively low cost per round also makes it an ideal choice for extended target shooting sessions, training, and practice without breaking the bank. This cartridge is particularly favored for a variety of applications, including target shooting, small game hunting, and recreational shooting, such as plinking. Its versatility shines in both indoor and outdoor shooting environments, and it is commonly used in everything from training firearms like pistols and rifles to precision small game hunting. The .22 LR is highly effective for hunting small game such as squirrels, rabbits, and birds, offering enough power for clean kills while minimizing over-penetration, which is ideal for controlled environments like suburban or rural areas. In addition to its wide-ranging utility, the .22 LR is often used for competitive shooting sports, including Olympic shooting events, and is a staple in youth and beginner shooting programs due to its manageable recoil and ease of use. Many firearm enthusiasts also appreciate the .22 LR’s ability to maintain accuracy at longer ranges, despite its small size and relatively low velocity compared to larger calibers. Whether for training, small game hunting, or casual target practice, the .22 LR remains a reliable and highly popular choice among shooters of all skill levels.
1911: The Colt-Browning United States Government Model 1911 is a .45 ACP semi-automatic pistol, first adopted by the U.S. military in 1911. Designed by John Browning, it features a single-action trigger, manual thumb safety, and grip safety. While “1911” specifically refers to the original Colt model, the term is commonly used to describe any pistol based on its classic design. Renowned for its reliability, accuracy, and timeless appeal, the 1911 remains a favorite among military, law enforcement, and civilian shooters.
Accidental Discharge: The unintentional firing of a firearm, typically occurring due to a mechanical failure, malfunction, or the firearm being improperly handled without user negligence. Unlike a negligent discharge, which is often attributed to carelessness or failure to follow safety protocols, an accidental discharge typically implies that the incident occurred despite the shooter exercising reasonable care and caution. It is a term commonly used to describe incidents where the discharge was not expected, but does not necessarily involve human error or recklessness.
Accuracy: Accuracy refers to a firearm’s ability to consistently hit the intended target, while precision is the ability to repeatedly strike the same point. Both are key objectives of accurizing, which focuses on four main factors: Usability, Tolerances, Harmonics, and Projectile Propulsion Consistency—all of which contribute to improving a firearm’s performance and reliability.
Accurize (Accurizing): The process of enhancing a firearm or airgun to improve its accuracy and precision, ensuring more consistent and reliable performance.
ACP: This stands for “Automatic Colt Pistol,” a designation for several handgun cartridges designed by John Browning for Colt semi-automatic pistols in the early 20th century. The term originates from Colt’s auto-loading firearms and specifies a caliber classification. Notable examples include .45 ACP and .380 ACP, each offering distinct ballistic properties suited for handguns.
Action: The operating mechanism of a firearm that loads, locks, fires, and ejects cartridges. It defines how a firearm functions and is categorized by its method of operation, such as bolt-action, lever-action, pump-action, or auto-loading. While actions are present in most firearms, muzzleloaders do not have a traditional action, as loading is done manually. Instead, the firing mechanism of a muzzleloader is referred to as the lock.
Adjustable Sight: A firearm aiming mechanism, typically iron sights, that allows the shooter to adjust for elevation (up and down) and windage (left and right) to compensate for distance, wind conditions, and other external factors affecting accuracy.
Air Gun: A non-firearm that uses compressed air, gas, or CO₂ to propel projectiles. Common examples include BB guns, pellet guns, and CO₂-powered guns. Air guns are often used for target shooting, small-game hunting, and training, offering a quieter and lower-powered alternative to traditional firearms.

AK-47 rifle – a widely recognized, gas-operated assault rifle known for its durability, simplicity, and use of a 7.62x39mm cartridge

MAADI Co. AK-47

AK: The designation “AK” in AK-47 stands for Avtomat Kalashnikova, named after its designer, Mikhail Kalashnikov. It translates to “Kalashnikov’s Automatic Rifle.” The “47” refers to the year 1947, when the rifle was first developed.
AKM: The Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy (Modernized Kalashnikov Automatic Rifle) is the successor to the AK-47, featuring stamped steel components for the receiver to simplify production and reduce weight. Introduced in 1959, the AKM became the most widely produced variant of the AK platform, known for its reliability and widespread use.
Ambi/Ambidextrous: Refers to the ability to be used equally well with either the right or left hand. In firearms, ambidextrous features—such as safeties, charging handles, magazine releases, and bolt catches—are designed for ease of use by both right- and left-handed shooters, enhancing versatility and accessibility.
Ammunition (Ammo): A catch-all term for cartridges or projectiles designed to be fired from a firearm. Modern ammunition consists of a case (typically brass, steel, aluminum, or polymer), a primer (which ignites the charge), a propellant (such as smokeless or black powder), and a projectile (bullet, shot, or slug). Ammunition is commonly measured in rounds and is essential for firearm operation.
Anodized: A protective electrochemical process that enhances the durability, corrosion resistance, and appearance of metal components, most commonly aluminum. In firearms, anodizing is often used on receivers, rails, and other parts to increase wear resistance while allowing for color customization and a non-reflective finish.
Anti-Glare: A grooved or textured surface, typically found on the top of a firearm’s barrel or receiver, designed to reduce glare and prevent reflected light from interfering with target acquisition.
Antique: Under federal law, an antique firearm is defined as a firearm manufactured before January 1, 1899, including any replica of such a firearm, provided it meets specific criteria. This definition also applies to firearms that cannot fire modern fixed ammunition or those designed to use ammunition that is no longer commercially manufactured or readily available through ordinary retail channels. Antique firearms are typically exempt from many federal firearm regulations, including background checks and licensing requirements. This category includes muzzleloaders, flintlocks, percussion cap firearms, and certain early cartridge-firing guns. However, replicas of antique firearms may still be regulated if they are designed to use modern ammunition. While federal law provides a clear definition, state and local laws may impose additional restrictions or interpretations on the possession, sale, and transfer of antique firearms.
Anti-Walk Pins: Specialized pins designed to prevent trigger and hammer pins from shifting or loosening during firearm operation, particularly in high-recoil or rapid-fire conditions. Commonly used in AR-pattern rifles, they enhance reliability and consistency by securely locking the pins in place, reducing the risk of malfunctions and ensuring long-term durability.

AR-15 rifle – a lightweight, modular, gas-operated firearm known for its versatility, accuracy, and use of a 5.56x45mm or .223 Remington cartridge

FN America – AR15 Guardian 5.56 NATO

AR Platform & Assault Rifle: An assault rifle is a selective-fire military or law enforcement rifle that fires reduced-power, intermediate cartridges from a detachable magazine. Designed for versatility in combat, assault rifles balance the power of full-sized battle rifles with the maneuverability of submachine guns. Notable examples include the AK-47 and M16. The term “AR” is often misinterpreted as “assault rifle,” but it actually stands for ArmaLite Rifle, named after the company that developed the AR platform. Originally designed for military use, AR-pattern firearms are lightweight, gas-operated, and magazine-fed, known for their modularity and extensive customization. The AR-15 (chambered for intermediate cartridges) and AR-10 (chambered for full-power cartridges) are among the most well-known models, widely used in both military and civilian applications.
AR-10: The AR-10 is a semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle chambered in larger calibers such as .308 Winchester, designed for long-range precision and enhanced stopping power. As the predecessor to the AR-15, the AR-10 is known for its rugged durability and versatility, making it well-suited for hunting, target shooting, and military applications. Its powerful performance and reliable platform have made it a popular choice for those requiring both accuracy and stopping power at extended ranges.
AR-15/AR: The AR-15 is a lightweight, semi-automatic rifle renowned for its versatility and modular design, typically chambered in .223 Remington or 5.56 NATO. Widely popular for civilian use in hunting, sport shooting, and home defense, the AR-15 stands out for its customizability, offering an extensive range of aftermarket parts and accessories. Its adaptability, ease of use, and wide availability have made it one of the most sought-after rifles for both recreational and defensive purposes.
Armor-Piercing Ammunition: Under federal law, armor-piercing ammunition is defined as any projectile or projectile core intended for use in a handgun that is made entirely (excluding trace materials) from one or a combination of specific hard metals, including tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium. Certain types of ammunition are excluded from this definition, including: Shotgun shells required for hunting under game regulations, frangible projectiles designed for target shooting, projectiles that are primarily intended for sporting purposes, projectiles or cores intended for industrial uses, such as those in oil and gas well perforating devices. Due to its ability to penetrate body armor and other protective gear, armor-piercing ammunition is subject to strict federal regulation, including limitations on its manufacture, importation, sale, and possession.
Assault Weapon: An overused and often misleading term frequently employed by politicians and the media, typically to describe semi-automatic rifles that use detachable magazines. The term is often loaded with negative connotations and is used to stir fear or create controversy, despite the fact that many of these firearms operate in the same manner as other common rifles. Its broad and imprecise use detracts from meaningful discussions about firearm safety and regulation.
ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) / BATFE: The ATF, also known as BATFE, is a federal agency responsible for supporting the firearms industry and promoting lawful gun ownership. While Congress creates federal gun laws, the ATF’s role is to enforce them, ensuring lawful transactions in the sale and ownership of firearms and NFA-regulated items such as silencers, short-barrel rifles (SBRs), and machine guns. The ATF is strictly prohibited by law from maintaining a national gun registry (except for NFA items), ensuring the protection of privacy and compliance with constitutional rights. Additionally, the ATF does not conduct background checks, as it is an enforcement agency; instead, the FBI operates the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to screen prospective buyers through FFL dealers before a firearm can be legally transferred. The ATF also works to disrupt violent crime, support law enforcement, and maintain lawful firearms commerce, all while upholding the Constitution of the United States.
Autoloading: In firearms, autoloading refers to a mechanism in which the firearm automatically chambers the next round after firing, preparing the gun for the next shot without the shooter needing to manually cycle the action. This system is found in many modern semi-automatic and selective-fire firearms. It’s important to note that autoloading is distinct from fully automatic operation. While automatic firearms continue to fire as long as the trigger is held down, autoloader firearms—whether semi-automatic or selective-fire—only fire one round per trigger pull. Autoloading merely refers to the ability of the firearm to automatically load the next round after firing, increasing efficiency and speed but without automatic, continuous firing.
Automatic firearm: commonly referred to as a machine gun, is a weapon that chambers, fires, and ejects multiple cartridges with a single pull of the trigger. It will continuously fire as long as the trigger is held and ammunition is available. While modern usage of the term refers exclusively to fully automatic weapons, historically, “automatic” was also used to describe auto-loading firearms, such as semi-automatic handguns. Due to their capability for sustained fire, automatic firearms are strictly regulated by the federal government.
Automatic Pistol: A handgun capable of fully automatic fire, also known as a machine pistol, which can continuously discharge rounds as long as the trigger is held and ammunition remains.
Automatic Rifle: A self-loading rifle capable of fully automatic fire, continuously cycling and firing rounds as long as the trigger is held and ammunition is available.

B

Back Bore / Backbored Barrel: A shotgun barrel with an internal diameter larger than the nominal size for its gauge but still within SAAMI specifications. This modification is designed to reduce felt recoil, enhance shot pattern consistency, and adjust the shotgun’s balance for improved handling.
Backstrap: The rear portion of a pistol’s grip, which is exposed and typically comes into contact with the shooter’s palm. Depending on the firearm design, the backstrap may be fixed or interchangeable to allow for customization of grip size and comfort. It plays a crucial role in providing support and improving control during shooting.
Ball: Originally used to describe a spherical projectile, “ball” now refers to a fully jacketed bullet with a cylindrical shape and either a round or pointed nose. Commonly used in military terminology, it denotes standard, non-expanding ammunition designed for reliable feeding, consistent performance, and penetration. Despite the name, modern ball ammunition is not spherical but features a streamlined profile for improved accuracy and functionality.
Ballistic Coefficient (BC): Ballistic Coefficient (BC) is a numerical value that measures a projectile’s ability to overcome air resistance during flight, directly impacting its velocity, trajectory, and retained energy. It is inversely proportional to deceleration, meaning a higher BC indicates slower deceleration. A higher BC signifies greater aerodynamic efficiency, allowing the projectile to maintain speed, resist wind drift, and retain accuracy over longer distances. BC is influenced by factors such as mass, diameter, and the drag coefficient, all contributing to the projectile’s ability to minimize air resistance.
Ballistics: The scientific study of a projectile’s motion, behavior, and effects from the moment of firing to impact. It encompasses internal ballistics (forces affecting the projectile within the firearm), external ballistics (its flight path and interaction with air resistance, gravity, and wind), and terminal ballistics (its impact and effect on the target). This field also includes the analysis of cartridge discharge, bullet trajectory, and the behavior of both the projectile and its casing.

Banana magazine – a curved firearm magazine, commonly used with rifles like the AK-47, designed to hold and feed cartridges efficiently

19 Round 12 Gauge Banana Magazine

Banana Magazine: A curved, detachable rifle magazine designed to hold and feed multiple rounds efficiently. Commonly used in firearms like the AK-47, its distinctive shape accommodates the natural stacking of cartridges, improving feeding reliability and allowing for higher capacity without compromising functionality.
Bandolier (or Bandoleer): A pocketed belt designed to hold ammunition or cartridges, typically worn across the chest. While once common for military use, bandoliers have become less prevalent due to the widespread adoption of detachable magazines, which are not easily stored in this manner. However, they remain popular for shotguns, as they conveniently hold individual shells for quick access.
Barrel Band: A barrel band is a metal clamp or ring designed to secure the barrel of a rifle to the stock, commonly seen in older or military-style firearms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the rifle’s structural integrity by ensuring proper alignment between the barrel and stock. This alignment enhances the firearm’s overall stability and contributes to improved accuracy.
Barrel Nut: A barrel nut is a fastening component used to secure the barrel to the upper receiver of a firearm, particularly in AR-15 rifles. It plays a vital role in maintaining barrel stability and ensuring proper alignment. In the case of handguards, the barrel nut is the component that attaches the handguards to the barrel. On machine guns, the barrel nut is a screw-on component located at the rear of the barrel, featuring locking lugs and a notch for quick barrel changes, aiding in its installation into the trunnion.
Barrel: The cylindrical, typically metal component of a firearm through which a projectile is fired. It directs and accelerates the bullet using the force of expanding gases from the cartridge ignition. In rifled barrels, spiral grooves impart spin to stabilize the projectile, enhancing accuracy and range. Barrel length, material, and rifling design all play critical roles in determining a firearm’s performance, including velocity, precision, and effective range.
BATFE (ATF): The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE or ATF) is a federal law enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Justice. It is responsible for enforcing federal laws related to the regulation of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives, and arson. The agency oversees the licensing of firearms dealers and manufacturers, investigates firearm-related crimes, enforces regulations on explosive materials, and combats illegal trafficking and smuggling. The ATF also plays a key role in public safety through its regulatory and investigative duties.
Battery: In firearms terminology, “in battery” refers to the condition when the breech is fully closed and locked, making the firearm ready to fire. Conversely, a firearm is “out of battery” when the breech is open or not fully locked, rendering it unsafe or incapable of firing. In semi-automatic firearms, being out of battery typically occurs when the slide fails to return fully forward after cycling. This can prevent the gun from firing and may pose a safety risk. Common causes of an out-of-battery condition include: misfeeds or improper chambering of a round, dirty or fouled components that impede slide movement, weak or worn recoil springs failing to return the slide to position, shooter interference, such as thumbs brushing against or “riding” the slide, improper lubrication or mechanical defects. Maintaining a clean, properly lubricated firearm and using quality ammunition can help prevent out-of-battery malfunctions and ensure reliable operation.
Battle Rifle: A battle rifle is a military service rifle designed to fire a full-power rifle cartridge, capable of both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire. It is built for versatility and durability in combat, offering effective range and stopping power for various tactical situations.

Bayonet lug – a mounting point on a firearm, typically located near the muzzle, designed to attach a bayonet for close-quarters combat

Bayonet Lug near the muzzle on an AK-47

Bayonet Lug: A bayonet lug is an attachment point located near the muzzle of a long gun, designed to secure a bayonet. This feature allows the firearm to be converted into a close-quarters combat weapon by mounting a bayonet for stabbing or thrusting.
Bead: A shotgun bead is a small, spherical sight located at the front of the barrel, designed to aid in aiming. It provides a quick visual reference, helping the shooter align the shotgun with the target. This makes it particularly useful for fast, instinctive shots, such as those required in hunting or trap shooting, where speed and precision are key.
Belt: An ammunition belt is a device used to hold and feed cartridges into certain machine guns, serving as an alternative to a magazine. It provides a continuous supply of ammunition, enabling sustained fire during combat or other high-demand situations.
Belted Magnum or Belt: A belted magnum or belt refers to a type of cartridge, typically used in rifles, featuring a distinctive “belt” around the base of the shell casing that extends 2 to 4 mm beyond the extractor groove. This design, originally developed by the British gunmaker Holland & Holland, was intended to address headspace issues in powerful cartridges. Specifically, for non-shouldered (non-“bottlenecked”) magnum rifle cartridges, the belt prevents over-insertion into the chamber, which could lead to catastrophic failure by ensuring proper headspace and preventing excessive movement when the cartridge is fired.
Billet: A billet is a solid block of metal, commonly aluminum or steel, that is precisely machined or milled into a specific component, such as a firearm receiver. Billet construction is valued for its strength and accuracy, as the part is carved from a single piece of metal, rather than being forged or cast. This method ensures superior structural integrity and tight tolerances, making billet components highly durable and reliable.
Binary Trigger: A binary trigger is a specialized firearm trigger mechanism that enables the firearm to fire a round both when the trigger is pulled and when it is released, effectively doubling the rate of fire compared to a standard trigger. This system allows shooters to achieve faster shooting speeds without converting the firearm into a fully automatic weapon, making it legal in many jurisdictions where full-auto firearms are restricted. The binary trigger enhances shooting efficiency and control, offering a unique advantage in recreational shooting, competitive sports, and certain tactical scenarios. Its design allows for more rapid follow-up shots, improving performance in high-pressure situations while maintaining greater control over the firearm’s recoil and accuracy. The increased rate of fire also helps shooters engage multiple targets more effectively, while still retaining compliance with legal regulations in many areas.

Bipod on a Ruger 22 Charger

Bipod: A bipod is a two-legged support device, similar to a tripod or monopod, that stabilizes firearms such as rifles and machine guns. It helps to reduce recoil and movement, providing a stable platform for precision shooting. By allowing the operator to rest the weapon on the ground, a low wall, or another surface, the bipod significantly improves accuracy and reduces fatigue during long shooting sessions. Bipods are especially useful in tactical and long-range shooting scenarios, where stability is crucial for maintaining a steady aim and enhancing shooting performance. They can be adjustable in height and swivel, offering versatility for a variety of shooting positions and terrains.
Black Powder (Gunpowder): Black powder, also known as gunpowder, is a traditional propellant composed of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. When ignited, it burns rapidly, producing a large volume of hot gases—carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen—as well as a solid residue of potassium sulfide. Historically, black powder was the primary propellant in early firearms, cannons, and artillery, and it was also used in fireworks due to its explosive properties. However, its ignition generates significant smoke, which obscures vision and can clog the firearm’s mechanism, as well as considerable fouling that requires frequent cleaning, making it less efficient compared to modern alternatives. Black powder is less powerful than smokeless powder, which became the dominant propellant in firearms after 1886. Smokeless powder produces far less smoke, offering improved accuracy and reliability, while generating less residue and requiring less maintenance. Despite its drawbacks, black powder continues to be used in certain applications, such as in historical reenactments, muzzleloaders, and some pyrotechnic displays. Its distinct properties and historical significance have cemented its place in firearm history, with enthusiasts continuing to appreciate its role in the development of modern ammunition.
Black Powder Substitute: A black powder substitute is a modern firearm propellant designed to replicate the burning rate and performance characteristics of traditional black powder, ensuring compatibility with black-powder firearms. These substitutes offer several advantages, such as reduced smoke production, decreased corrosion, lower cost, and improved resistance to unintentional ignition. By maintaining the necessary propellant properties, black powder substitutes provide a safer, cleaner, and more efficient alternative while preserving the traditional shooting experience. They are popular in both historical reenactments and modern muzzleloading applications, where black powder is still in use.
Blank: A blank is a type of cartridge that contains gunpowder but no bullet or shot. When fired, it produces a flash and an explosive sound (report) without the projectile, simulating the effect of live ammunition. Blanks are commonly used in film and TV productions, historical reenactments, theatrical performances, military training, and for signaling purposes, such as in starting pistols. Unlike dummy cartridges, which are inert and contain no primer or gunpowder, blanks are designed to generate a realistic firing effect while remaining safe for use in controlled environments.
Blank-Firing Adapter: A blank-firing adapter (BFA) is a device that attaches to the muzzle of a firearm to allow the weapon to function properly when firing blank cartridges. Blank cartridges, which contain no projectile, typically do not generate enough pressure to cycle the firearm’s action. The BFA redirects gases and increases backpressure, ensuring the firearm cycles as it would with live ammunition. It also helps to prevent excess debris or gases from being expelled toward the shooter. BFAs are commonly used in military training, film productions, and other scenarios where the realistic sound and appearance of a firearm’s discharge are needed without the risk of live ammunition being used. These adapters are designed for various firearm models and ensure safe and reliable operation when using blanks.
Blowback: Blowback is a firearm operating system that harnesses the rearward force generated by expanding gases from a fired cartridge to cycle the action. When the powder charge ignites, the expanding gases push the cartridge case backward, which in turn drives the slide or bolt of the firearm. This motion ejects the spent casing and chambers a new round. Blowback is a simple and efficient mechanism commonly used in semi-automatic pistols, submachine guns, and certain rifles, where it eliminates the need for complex operating systems like gas pistons or recoil springs. In blowback-operated firearms, the energy from the fired round is directly responsible for cycling the action, which makes the system relatively simple, lightweight, and cost-effective. Blowback designs are particularly advantageous for low-pressure rounds, like those found in many pistols and small-caliber firearms. However, for high-pressure cartridges, blowback operation is less common, as the system requires additional mechanisms, such as heavier bolts or springs, to safely handle the increased force. The blowback system’s simplicity and effectiveness are key to its widespread use in a range of applications, from military and law enforcement to recreational shooting and film production. It is valued for its reliability, ease of maintenance, and low cost of production.
Blow-Forward: Blow-forward is a system of operation in firearms where the force of expanding gases pushes the weapon’s bolt forward, rather than backward, to cycle the action. In this mechanism, the bolt is driven forward to eject the spent cartridge case, chamber a new round, and prepare the firearm for the next shot. Unlike the more common blowback system, which relies on rearward motion, the blow-forward system is less widely used but can be found in certain firearm designs where controlled forward motion is required for operation. This system offers a unique approach to cycling the action and is typically employed in specialized or experimental firearms.
Bluing (Blueing): Bluing is a metal treatment process widely used on firearms to create a protective layer that resists rust, corrosion, and wear, while imparting a dark blue or black finish to the steel. This process involves a controlled electrochemical reaction where the surface of the steel undergoes oxidation, forming magnetite (Fe3O4), a stable black oxide of iron. The magnetite layer effectively seals the metal surface, providing both protection and a visually appealing finish that enhances the firearm’s durability and aesthetic. Bluing not only provides a corrosion-resistant coating but also improves the longevity of the firearm by protecting it from moisture, salt, and environmental factors that could lead to rusting. The process also enhances the firearm’s appearance with the deep blue-black color traditionally associated with quality firearms. While primarily used for aesthetic purposes, bluing also serves a practical function, especially in areas of the firearm exposed to regular handling, such as the barrel, receiver, and other metal components. There are various methods of bluing, including hot bluing, cold bluing, and rust bluing, each offering different levels of protection and finishes. Hot bluing, which involves submerging the steel in a hot chemical bath, produces the most durable and uniform finish, while cold bluing is a simpler, less permanent method often used for touch-ups. Bluing is a time-tested process valued for its ability to maintain the firearm’s condition, and it remains a popular choice among gun manufacturers, gunsmiths, and firearm enthusiasts who seek both function and aesthetics in their firearms.
Boat Tail: A boat tail is a bullet design characterized by a tapered rear that narrows to a point, resembling the hull of a boat. This aerodynamic design reduces drag by minimizing the turbulence created at the base of the bullet during flight. As a result, the bullet experiences less resistance as it travels through the air, allowing it to maintain higher velocity, reduce wind drift, and retain more energy over longer distances. The boat tail design improves overall accuracy, making it especially popular in long-range shooting, precision marksmanship, and applications where bullet performance at extended ranges is critical. The boat tail is commonly used in high-performance ammunition for rifles, particularly in calibers intended for long-distance shooting, such as those used in military sniper rifles or competitive shooting. The reduction in drag not only enhances stability but also allows for flatter trajectories, meaning less elevation correction is needed for long-range shots. As a result, shooters can achieve greater accuracy and consistency, especially at ranges exceeding several hundred yards. The boat tail design is also beneficial in reducing the bullet’s sensitivity to crosswinds, making it highly effective in challenging environmental conditions. By optimizing aerodynamics, boat tail bullets are well-suited for applications where precision and efficiency are paramount, from military and law enforcement operations to elite shooting sports.
Body Armor: Protective gear designed to absorb and dissipate the energy of bullets, reducing or preventing injury. It is manufactured in various protection levels, as defined by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), to stop specific types of bullets and threats. Modern body armor is typically lightweight and made from advanced materials such as Kevlar, aramid fibers, or polyethylene. It comes in two main forms: soft body armor, which is flexible and used for protection against handgun rounds, and hard body armor, which includes rigid plates capable of stopping rifle rounds.

Bolt-action rifle – a manually operated firearm where the shooter manually cycles the bolt to load, chamber, and eject cartridges for precision shooting

Bolt Action Ruger Hawkeye Predator 6.5 Creedmoor

Bolt Action Rifle: This is a type of firearm where the shooter manually operates the bolt to chamber a round, eject the spent casing, and reset the firing mechanism after each shot. By using a small handle, the user unlocks the bolt, opens the breech, ejects the spent shell casing, and cocks the firing pin. The shooter then loads a fresh round into the chamber and closes the bolt, preparing for the next shot. This action fires one round at a time, requiring the shooter to manually cycle the bolt after each shot, ensuring deliberate and precise firing. Known for its reliability, durability, and accuracy, the bolt-action rifle is favored for its simplicity and precision, making it ideal for applications like hunting, long-range shooting, and sniper operations. Its mechanical design provides shooters with full control over the loading and ejection process, enhancing overall performance in situations that demand accuracy, such as competitive shooting or tactical operations. The bolt-action rifle’s inherent precision makes it especially suitable for shooting at longer distances, where the shooter’s control over each round becomes critical. The manual operation also reduces the risk of malfunctions and increases the rifle’s longevity compared to more complex, semi-automatic actions. Whether used for sport, defense, or military purposes, the bolt-action rifle remains a trusted and preferred choice for those who prioritize accuracy, reliability, and control over rapid-fire capabilities. Its mechanical nature allows for easy maintenance and customization, further solidifying its place in both recreational and professional shooting disciplines.
Bolt carrier group (BCG): The BCG is a crucial assembly in a firearm, particularly in AR-style rifles, responsible for cycling the action, chambering rounds, and ejecting spent casings. It plays a vital role in the firearm’s overall operation, ensuring smooth and reliable performance during both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire. The BCG consists of several key components, including the bolt, firing pin, extractor, cam pin, gas key, and carrier. These parts work together seamlessly to engage the chamber, strike the primer, extract and eject spent cases, and reset the firing mechanism. The bolt locks the round into the chamber, while the firing pin strikes the primer to ignite the cartridge. The extractor pulls the spent casing from the chamber after firing, and the ejector ensures that the spent casing is expelled from the firearm. The gas key receives the gas from the fired cartridge, driving the carrier backward to cycle the action and load the next round. In addition to its functional importance, the BCG must be carefully maintained for optimal performance. Cleanliness and lubrication are crucial to prevent malfunctions, especially under high-stress situations like rapid fire or extreme environmental conditions. The BCG’s robust design and high level of durability make it integral to the firearm’s reliability, as any failure in the BCG could result in jams, misfeeds, or failures to eject. Its role is critical not only for the function of the firearm but also for the safety of the user, ensuring that the rifle operates smoothly and efficiently during use.
Bolt hold open: This is a mechanism in semi-automatic firearms that locks the bolt in the rear position after the last round is fired. This feature plays a key role in enhancing the firearm’s functionality, as it provides the shooter with a clear indication that the magazine is empty and that reloading is necessary. By holding the bolt open, it eliminates the need for the shooter to manually check the chamber, improving efficiency during shooting sequences and ensuring readiness for the next magazine. In addition to offering a visual and tactile cue for reloading, the bolt hold open mechanism also contributes to the overall safety and ease of operation. It prevents the shooter from inadvertently attempting to fire an empty chamber, reducing the risk of malfunction or misfire. This mechanism is commonly found in modern semi-automatic rifles and pistols, particularly in designs like the AR-15 and other military or tactical platforms. Furthermore, many bolt hold open systems are designed to work automatically, engaging after the last round is ejected, or they may require manual activation depending on the firearm model. Some firearms also feature an integrated bolt release that allows the shooter to release the bolt from the rear position with a simple press of a button or lever, readying the rifle for the next shot. Overall, the bolt hold open enhances both the functionality and safety of semi-automatic firearms, streamlining the shooting and reloading process while preventing unnecessary downtime.
Bolt Release Button: The bolt release button on an AR-style rifle is a crucial component located on the left side of the lower receiver, typically near the magazine well. It serves to release the bolt after the charging handle has been pulled to the rear and the bolt carrier group is locked in place, usually after the last round has been fired. When the magazine is inserted and loaded, and the bolt is locked back, pressing the bolt release button allows the bolt carrier group to move forward, chambering a round from the magazine. This action enables the rifle to be ready for immediate fire. The bolt release button is designed to be easy to access with the trigger finger or thumb, allowing the shooter to chamber a round quickly without needing to manipulate the charging handle. In addition, it can be used to manually release the bolt in situations where the rifle needs to be cleared or reset for other reasons. Some models may feature a paddle-style bolt release or a slightly different configuration, but the overall purpose remains the same: to facilitate smooth, reliable operation and ensure that the rifle is ready to fire when needed.
Bolt Thrust (or Breech Pressure): This refers to the rearward force exerted by the propellant gases on the bolt or breech of a firearm when a projectile is fired. This force is a result of the rapid expansion of gases generated by the ignited propellant within the cartridge, which pushes the projectile down the barrel while simultaneously applying pressure to the rear of the chamber. The magnitude and direction of this force make it a vector quantity, meaning it has both strength and direction, typically directed rearward against the firearm’s action. The amount of bolt thrust varies depending on factors such as the type of firearm, the caliber of the cartridge, and the design of the action. Higher-pressure cartridges or larger calibers generally produce greater bolt thrust, which must be effectively managed by the firearm’s design to ensure safe and reliable operation. This force plays a significant role in the cycling of semi-automatic or automatic actions, as it helps push the bolt rearward, ejecting the spent casing and chambering the next round. Understanding bolt thrust is crucial for ensuring proper firearm function, as excessive pressure can lead to failures, excessive wear, or even catastrophic failure if not properly controlled through the design of the firearm’s action and bolt system. Additionally, managing bolt thrust is vital for recoil control and the overall durability of the firearm.
Bolt: The bolt is a crucial mechanical component in firearms, responsible for locking the cartridge in place, ensuring proper ignition, and facilitating the cycling of the firearm. In repeating, breech-loading firearms, such as bolt-action and semi-automatic rifles, the bolt moves back and forth to load, chamber, and eject cartridges. While the propellant burns, the bolt blocks the rear opening (breech) of the barrel chamber. Additionally, the bolt often houses integral parts like the extractor and firing pin, playing a central role in the firearm’s overall operation and reliability.
Bore Rope: This is a specialized cleaning tool designed to efficiently clean the barrel of a firearm. It typically consists of a rope-like material with a weighted end, allowing it to be pulled through the bore to remove fouling, carbon buildup, and other debris. Bore ropes offer a convenient and effective alternative to traditional cleaning rods, as they can quickly and thoroughly clean the barrel without the risk of scratching or damaging the rifling. Often treated with a cleaning solvent or lubricant, bore ropes are used by firearm owners to maintain the barrel’s performance, accuracy, and longevity with minimal effort and time.
Bore: This is the interior of a firearm’s barrel through which the bullet or projectile travels when the gun is fired. The bore can be smooth or rifled, with rifling consisting of spiral grooves that impart spin to the projectile, enhancing its stability, accuracy, and trajectory. The term “bore” is derived from the process used to create the barrel itself, where a special drill is employed to carve a hole inside a solid bar stock of metal to form the interior passage. In rifled barrels, the grooves cause the projectile to spin as it travels down the barrel, allowing for better precision and longer-range accuracy. Smoothbore barrels, on the other hand, lack these grooves and are typically used in shotguns, where the projectile (often a spread of pellets) does not require spin for stability. Additionally, the term “bore” can refer to specific sizes of shotgun shells, where it denotes the internal diameter of the barrel. For example, a 12-gauge shotgun has a bore diameter corresponding to the size of the shell used. The bore’s design and dimensions are integral to the firearm’s overall performance, influencing everything from projectile stability to the type of ammunition it can accommodate.
Boresight: This refers to the process or tool used to align a firearm’s barrel (bore) with its sights or optics before actual live firing, ensuring that the point of aim is close to the point of impact. This alignment method is typically used to pre-align optical or iron sights, making the process of zeroing (adjusting for zero drop at a specific distance) much faster and more efficient. By using a boresight, shooters can minimize the amount of live ammunition needed to fine-tune the sighting, reducing time spent on the range. The term “boresight” is derived from the process used to create the barrel, where a special drill is used to carve a hole inside a solid bar stock to form the bore. While boresighting helps with initial alignment, it ensures that the firearm’s barrel and sights or optics are in proper alignment, improving accuracy and efficiency when zeroing the firearm for precision shooting. This process can also be applied to specific shotgun shell sizes based on the bore’s interior diameter.

Box Magazine

Box magazine: This is a commonly used, rectangular-shaped magazine designed to hold and feed ammunition into a firearm. It typically features a spring mechanism that pushes the rounds into the chamber for each shot. Box magazines are widely used in various firearms, from rifles to handguns, and are favored for their ease of use, capacity, and quick reload capabilities. They are typically detachable, allowing for faster reloading, and come in various sizes to accommodate different calibers and firearm models.
Brass: This refers to the empty cartridge case, which is the outer shell of a round of ammunition. Typically made from brass, it houses the primer, powder, and bullet in a firearm. Brass is favored for its durability, corrosion resistance, and ease of manufacturing, making it the most common material used for cartridge cases. One of its key advantages is its ability to be reloaded and reused multiple times, which makes brass casings highly popular among shooters and reloaders. The resilience and flexibility of brass ensure that it can withstand the pressure and heat generated during firing, making it ideal for repeated use in firearms.
Break-action: A type of firearm in which the barrels are hinged and can rotate perpendicular to the bore axis, allowing the breech to be exposed for the manual loading and unloading of ammunition. This simple yet effective design is commonly found in shotguns, as well as some rifles and pistols. By “breaking” the barrel open, the shooter gains easy access to the chamber for reloading or unloading. Break-action firearms are prized for their reliability, ease of use, and straightforward mechanics. They are particularly popular in single or double-barrel configurations, offering quick and efficient handling with minimal complexity.
Breech Pressure (or Bolt Thrust): This is the rearward force exerted by the propellant gases on the bolt or breech of a firearm when a projectile is fired. This force is generated by the rapid expansion of gases within the cartridge, which pushes the bullet down the barrel while simultaneously exerting pressure on the firearm’s action. The magnitude and direction of this force make it a vector quantity, meaning it has both strength and direction. The rearward force is crucial for cycling semi-automatic or automatic actions, as it drives the movement of the bolt to eject the spent casing and chamber the next round. Managing breech pressure is vital for firearm safety, reliability, and performance, as excessive pressure can cause malfunctions or damage to the firearm.
Breech: The rear portion of a firearm’s barrel, where ammunition is loaded and from which it is fired. Unlike the muzzle at the front of the barrel, the breech is where the firearm’s cartridge is inserted, and it plays a crucial role in the firing process. In breechloading firearms, the breech is opened to allow the insertion of ammunition, and once closed, it securely contains the pressure generated by the fired cartridge, ensuring safe and efficient operation. Depending on the design, the breech may house the chamber, or it may simply serve as the rear section of the barrel. Modern breech mechanisms are engineered to securely lock in place, preventing gas leaks and providing a stable, reliable foundation for the firearm’s firing cycle.
Browning: John Moses Browning was a renowned American firearms designer whose innovative contributions shaped modern firearm development. His name is synonymous with a range of influential firearm designs, including the iconic M2 Browning machine gun, the Browning Auto-5 shotgun, and the Browning Hi-Power pistol. Browning’s designs are celebrated for their reliability, ingenuity, and impact on both military and civilian firearms. Many of his creations are still in use today, cementing his legacy as one of the most influential firearms engineers in history.

Buckshot Ammunition

Buckshot: A type of shotgun ammunition that contains multiple large pellets, typically ranging in size from .24″ in diameter, designed for hunting larger game, such as deer, or for self-defense. When fired, the pellets spread out in a wide pattern, increasing the likelihood of hitting a target at close to medium ranges. Buckshot is known for its stopping power, as the larger pellets create a significant impact upon hitting the target. For hunters, this means buckshot is effective in delivering the necessary force to quickly take down larger animals. The spread pattern and powerful impact make it a popular choice for both hunting and defensive purposes, where a quick, decisive shot is required.

Buffer Tube

Buffer Tube: also known as a receiver extension, is a cylindrical housing found in AR-style rifles that houses the buffer and buffer spring, which are crucial for recoil management and the firearm’s cycling system. It serves as the mounting point for the rifle’s stock and plays a vital role in absorbing and controlling the rearward motion of the bolt carrier group after each shot. By helping to smooth the cycling process and reduce felt recoil, the buffer tube ensures reliable operation and contributes to the overall durability and performance of the rifle.
Buffer: A component commonly found in semi-automatic and automatic firearms, such as the AR-15, that helps manage recoil and control the cycling of the bolt carrier group. It works in tandem with the buffer spring to absorb and reduce the velocity of the recoiling parts, such as the bolt, by absorbing the rearward force after each shot. This helps minimize felt recoil, smooths the firearm’s cycling process, and ensures reliable operation, particularly in rapid-fire situations. By cushioning the impact of the bolt’s movement, the buffer contributes to enhanced firearm performance and reduces wear on internal components.
Bug Out Gun: A bug out gun is a firearm selected for emergency situations that require quick evacuation, survival, or self-defense. It is typically chosen for its reliability, lightweight design, and versatility, making it ideal for unpredictable and potentially dangerous scenarios during a “bug out”—the process of escaping a disaster or crisis. The bug out gun is meant to be easily portable and efficient in situations where resources are limited, providing the user with the ability to protect themselves, hunt for food, or ensure personal safety during an emergency evacuation. Its compactness and dependability are key traits for surviving in high-pressure, rapidly changing environments.
BUG: Short for “Back-Up Gun,” a BUG is a small, easily concealable firearm carried as a secondary weapon. Typically chosen for its discreet size and quick accessibility, a BUG is intended to serve in the event the primary firearm is lost, damaged, or becomes unavailable. The most common example is a 5-shot, 2-inch barrel revolver chambered in .38 Special, valued for its reliability and compact design, making it ideal for concealed carry.
Bulk Ammo: Bulk ammo refers to large quantities of ammunition sold together, typically packaged in boxes, cans, or loose rounds. It is a cost-effective option for shooters who need substantial amounts of ammunition for range practice, training, or stockpiling. Buying in bulk often results in a lower price per round compared to smaller packages, making it an economical choice for frequent shooters or those preparing for future use. Bulk ammo is popular for its convenience and affordability, allowing shooters to maximize their training and shooting activities without constantly needing to purchase smaller quantities.
Bullet Base: The bullet base is the rear portion of the bullet, opposite the tip, and is the last part to exit the barrel when fired. The design of the bullet base—whether flat, boat-tail, or hollow—plays a significant role in the bullet’s aerodynamics, stability, and overall performance during flight. A well-designed base ensures a more stable trajectory, reduced drag, and improved accuracy. The shape of the base can also impact the bullet’s velocity retention and how it interacts with the rifling, affecting its precision and effectiveness upon impact with the target.
Bullet Weight: Bullet weight refers to the mass of the bullet, commonly measured in grains, and it plays a critical role in determining the bullet’s performance. The weight of the bullet directly influences its velocity, trajectory, and overall impact on the target. Heavier bullets tend to retain their energy over longer distances, offering greater penetration and more consistent performance, especially in wind or adverse conditions. In contrast, lighter bullets travel faster and may exhibit flatter trajectories, but they can lose energy more quickly and may have less stopping power at longer ranges. The optimal bullet weight depends on the firearm’s purpose, such as hunting, target shooting, or self-defense, and selecting the right weight for the job can significantly improve accuracy, range, and terminal effectiveness.

Bullets

Bullet: The bullet is the metal projectile component of a cartridge or round that is propelled through a firearm’s barrel when fired. Typically cylindrical in shape with a rounded tip, the bullet is designed to travel toward and impact a target with precision. It is the part of the ammunition that causes the damage upon impact and comes in various calibers and designs, depending on the intended use, such as for hunting, self-defense, or military applications. The bullet is ejected from the casing and accelerates rapidly when the propellant ignites, making it a key component in the effectiveness of the ammunition.
Bulletproof Vest: A slang term for body armor. It’s important to note that no vest is truly “bulletproof.” Rather, body armor is designed to reduce the impact of projectiles and increase the chances of survival. They are manufactured in various grades, each meant to stop certain types of bullets or ammunition. Body armor is rated by protection levels, typically ranging from Level I to Level IV, with higher levels offering greater protection. It’s important to choose the right level of body armor based on the potential threat and environment. Body armor is not infallible, and while it greatly enhances protection, it does not guarantee complete safety from all projectiles or the blunt force trauma that may result from a hit.

IWI Tavor 7 Bullpup Bond Arms Bullpup9

Bullpup: A bullpup is a firearm configuration where both the action and magazine are positioned behind the trigger, creating a more compact design without sacrificing barrel length. This layout allows for a shorter overall firearm, making it easier to maneuver in tight spaces while maintaining the same ballistic performance as longer-barreled firearms. Bullpups are popular in tactical and military applications for their balance, maneuverability, and enhanced ergonomics, offering greater versatility without compromising firepower.
Burst Mode: Burst mode is a firing mode that allows the shooter to fire a predetermined number of rounds with a single pull of the trigger, typically ranging from two to five rounds. This mode provides a balance between fully automatic fire and semi-automatic fire, offering rapid follow-up shots while maintaining better control and accuracy than continuous automatic fire. Burst mode is commonly found in military and law enforcement firearms, offering increased firepower in close-quarters or high-intensity scenarios while minimizing ammunition wastage.

Stock and butt plate – the rear portion of a firearm, with the stock providing stability and support during shooting, and the butt plate helping absorb recoil

Stock & Butt Plate

Butt Plate: The butt plate is a protective cover attached to the rear end of a rifle or shotgun stock, designed to provide a stable and comfortable surface for the shooter to rest against their shoulder. It plays a crucial role in recoil absorption, helping to reduce the impact on the shooter during firing, thereby improving comfort and control. Butt plates are typically made from materials such as rubber, metal, or plastic, with each material offering different benefits in terms of durability, recoil mitigation, and grip. A well-designed butt plate enhances shooting stability, ensuring that the firearm remains secure during recoil while contributing to a more enjoyable and accurate shooting experience.
Butt: The butt of a firearm is the rear portion of the stock that rests against the shooter’s shoulder when firing. It serves several critical functions, including providing stability, aiding in recoil absorption, and ensuring proper aim alignment. The design of the butt can affect the overall comfort and handling of the firearm, as it helps distribute recoil forces evenly across the shooter’s body. Typically made from materials such as wood, polymer, or metal, the butt’s construction varies depending on the firearm’s design and intended use. A well-designed butt not only improves shooting accuracy and comfort but also enhances control during rapid or sustained fire. Additionally, some firearms feature adjustable butts to accommodate different shooting positions or body types, offering further customization for optimal performance.
Button Rifling: Button rifling is a method of creating rifling in a firearm barrel by pulling a die, known as the “button,” through the pre-drilled bore. The button, which features a reverse image of the desired rifling pattern, is pressed into the bore as it moves through, imparting the spiral grooves that guide the projectile. This process is known for producing highly precise rifling, with smooth, uniform grooves that contribute to better accuracy and performance. Button rifling is often used in mass production due to its efficiency and consistency. It is one of several rifling techniques, alongside cut rifling and hammer forging, each offering unique advantages in terms of barrel life and performance.

C

Caliber: Caliber refers to the internal diameter of a firearm’s barrel or the diameter of the bullet it is designed to fire, typically measured in inches or millimeters. In small arms, caliber determines the size and type of ammunition a firearm can use, directly influencing its power, accuracy, and intended purpose. Caliber can be measured across the lands (the raised portions between rifling grooves) or the grooves themselves, as seen in examples like the .303 British or .308 Winchester. Additionally, caliber may also refer to a specific cartridge for which a firearm is chambered, such as .45 ACP or .357 Magnum. In artillery, caliber is used to describe the length of the barrel in relation to its internal diameter. Overall, caliber plays a crucial role in firearm performance, dictating the ammunition size, ballistic characteristics, and compatibility with the firearm’s design.
Can: “Can” is a colloquial term for a sound suppressor, derived from the can-like shape that many suppressors resemble. It is commonly used to describe devices attached to the muzzle of a firearm to reduce the noise and muzzle flash generated when firing. These devices work by trapping and slowing the escaping gases, significantly lowering the sound signature of a gunshot.
Cannelure: A cannelure is a groove or series of grooves around a bullet or cartridge case, designed for various functional purposes. On bullets, it helps secure the crimp, preventing movement during recoil or feeding. On casings, it can aid in pressure control and case retention. Additionally, cannelures may influence bullet expansion or fragmentation upon impact, optimizing performance for hunting, self-defense, or military applications.
Cant: In firearms, “cant” refers to the unintended or intentional tilt of a firearm from a perfectly vertical position while aiming or shooting. Managing cant is crucial for accuracy, especially in long-range shooting, as even slight deviations can alter the bullet’s trajectory and point of impact. Many precision shooters use anti-cant devices, such as bubble levels, to ensure proper alignment and maintain consistent shot placement.
Cantilever: In firearms, a cantilever is a mounting system where an accessory, such as a scope or optic, is attached to an extended bracket that projects forward from its base. This design improves weight distribution, allows for greater flexibility in positioning the optic for optimal eye relief, and is especially useful on firearms with limited rail space. Cantilever mounts are commonly used on rifles to provide a more ergonomic and stable shooting setup.
Caplock: A historical firearm ignition system that uses a percussion cap to ignite the gunpowder charge, replacing the earlier flintlock mechanism. Popular in the 19th century, caplock firearms offered improved reliability and weather resistance before being phased out by modern cartridge-based systems.
Carbine Length: Carbine length refers to a shorter barrel configuration, typically around 16 inches, designed for improved maneuverability and reduced weight. In the AR-15 platform, it also describes a specific gas system where the gas port is positioned closer to the chamber, resulting in a faster cycling action. This setup enhances reliability in shorter rifles and is commonly used in tactical, home defense, and close-quarters applications. Carbine-length barrels and gas systems provide a balance between compactness and performance, making them a popular choice for modern sporting rifles.
Carbine: A carbine is a compact, lightweight rifle with a shorter barrel than a standard service rifle, designed for enhanced maneuverability, particularly in close-quarters combat or mobile operations. Originally developed for cavalry use as a shortened version of infantry rifles or muskets, modern carbines are often chambered in the same calibers as full-sized rifles, making them popular for military, law enforcement, home defense, and some hunting applications. Some carbines may also be chambered in less powerful cartridges for specialized roles, balancing portability with effective firepower.
Cartridge: A cartridge is a complete unit of ammunition consisting of a bullet (projectile), gunpowder, a shell casing, and a primer. It serves as the self-contained package that, when fired, propels the bullet downrange. Cartridges are commonly referred to as “rounds” when counted, and they come in various calibers and types, designed for different firearms and applications such as self-defense, hunting, and target shooting.
Case Trimming: Case trimming is the process of cutting fired and resized brass casings to a uniform length to ensure proper chambering, consistent performance, and safe reloading. Over multiple firings, brass cases can stretch due to the pressure and expansion inside the chamber. Trimming prevents malfunctions, maintains accuracy, and ensures reliable cycling in firearms, making it a crucial step for precision reloaders.
Caseless Ammunition: Caseless ammunition is a type of small arms ammunition that eliminates the traditional metal or polymer cartridge case, instead integrating the primer and propellant directly with the projectile. This design reduces weight, allows for higher ammunition capacity, and improves heat management in firearms. While offering potential advantages in automatic and high-rate-of-fire weapons, caseless ammo also presents challenges such as fragility, heat sensitivity, and extraction difficulties.
Casing (Case): A casing is the cylindrical component of a cartridge that houses the bullet, gunpowder, and primer, forming a complete round of ammunition. Typically made of brass, steel, or aluminum, casings contain the explosive force needed to propel the bullet when fired. After ignition, the casing is either ejected from the firearm or manually removed, depending on the firearm type. Spent casings can often be collected for reloading or disposed of, depending on the material and design.
Casket Magazine: A casket magazine is a high-capacity box magazine with a quad-stack configuration, allowing for the storage of four columns of ammunition. This design significantly increases the round capacity without significantly increasing the magazine’s overall size. Casket magazines are often used in firearms where high-volume firing or extended use without reloading is necessary, such as in military rifles, tactical shotguns, and some specialized civilian firearms. The quad-stack arrangement helps balance the need for more rounds while maintaining efficient feeding and reliable function. These magazines can hold anywhere from 30 to 100+ rounds, depending on the firearm’s design, and are known for their compact size relative to their capacity. Due to their high capacity, casket magazines are particularly advantageous in situations where rapid follow-up shots are needed or in tactical scenarios requiring extended use before reloading.
Centerfire: Centerfire ammunition refers to cartridges in which the primer is located at the center of the cartridge’s base, making it a separate, replaceable component. This design allows the firing pin to strike the primer directly for ignition. Centerfire cartridges are more reliable and capable of withstanding higher pressures compared to rimfire ammunition, making them the preferred choice for most modern firearms. This type of ammunition is used in nearly all pistol, rifle, and shotgun cartridges, except for some smaller calibers like .22 and .17, as well as a few antique designs. The centerfire system has largely replaced rimfire ammunition due to its enhanced durability, performance, and versatility across a wide range of firearms and applications.
Chain Gun: A chain gun is a type of fully automatic firearm, typically single-barreled, that uses an external source of power—often an electric motor or gas—to cycle the action and feed ammunition into the chamber. Unlike traditional machine guns, which rely on the firearm’s recoil or gas operation to cycle, a chain gun utilizes a chain or belt-driven mechanism to automatically cycle the weapon, enhancing its rate of fire and reliability. This mechanism helps reduce the likelihood of stoppages or malfunctions that can occur in traditional designs. Chain guns are often used in military applications, such as on vehicles, helicopters, or naval vessels, where high rates of fire and reliability are crucial. They are commonly chambered in calibers ranging from 20mm to 30mm and are capable of firing both high-explosive and armor-piercing rounds.
Chamber: The chamber is the precisely machined area in a firearm where the cartridge is seated before firing. It ensures proper alignment and safe chambering, playing a critical role in the ignition process. In rifles and pistols, the chamber is typically located within the barrel, designed to match the dimensions of the specific cartridge for secure fit and consistent performance. In revolvers, the firearm features multiple chambers within the rotating cylinder, allowing for individual cartridges to be loaded and fired. The chamber’s function is essential for the correct positioning of the cartridge, ensuring that the firing pin strikes the primer accurately and that the projectile travels safely down the barrel with maximum efficiency and precision.
Chambering: Chambering refers to the process of inserting a round into the firearm’s chamber, either manually or automatically through the weapon’s action. This step is crucial for ensuring the cartridge is properly aligned and secured in place, ready to be fired. In semi-automatic or automatic firearms, the chambering process typically occurs when the action cycles after firing, while in manual firearms, such as bolt-action or lever-action rifles, chambering is performed by the shooter with each shot. Proper chambering is essential for safe operation, ensuring the cartridge is seated correctly for ignition and optimal performance.
Chamfer: Chamfer refers to the process of cutting or beveling the sharp edges of a material, usually at a 45-degree angle, to create a smoother transition between surfaces. In firearms, chamfering is commonly applied to areas such as the barrel, chamber, or cylinder. This technique enhances the reloading process by making it easier to insert cartridges and reduces the risk of damage to both the firearm and the ammunition. Chamfering also helps minimize wear on the components, improving overall reliability and longevity of the firearm.
Chapman Stance: The Chapman Stance, named after Ray Chapman, is a modified version of the traditional Weaver stance. Often referred to as a “modified Weaver,” it is designed to enhance shooting accuracy and stability by adjusting the positioning of the arms. In the Chapman Stance, the strong-side elbow is kept straight and locked out, which helps to provide a solid, rigid base for controlling the firearm. Meanwhile, the weak hand pulls back against the strong hand, creating a push-pull tension that mirrors the Weaver stance’s characteristic tension. This stance is ideal for shooters who prefer a more compact and aggressive shooting posture, offering improved recoil control and a steadier aim.
Charger: In Commonwealth terminology, a charger refers to a type of speedloader, also known as a stripper clip, designed to hold multiple cartridges together as a single unit. This allows for faster and more efficient loading of a firearm’s magazine. Chargers are particularly useful in military and sporting applications, enabling shooters to reload quickly in high-pressure situations by facilitating the smooth insertion of several rounds at once into the magazine.

Charging handle – a manual mechanism on firearms, used to pull the bolt carrier group back to chamber a round, clear the chamber, or reset the action

Charging Handle on an ATI Alpha Maxx 5.56 NATO Pistol & H&K SP5 9MM Pistol

Charging Handle: The charging handle is a manual device found on many firearms, particularly rifles like the AR-15. It is used to pull the bolt carrier group back, chamber a round, or clear the chamber. In addition to loading the firearm, the charging handle is critical for resetting the firearm after firing and addressing malfunctions. It also plays a role in cocking the hammer or striker, ensuring the firearm is in the ready position for the next shot. The charging handle is an essential part of a firearm’s operation, allowing for both proper function and user control. The IWI Uzi Pistol also features a charging handle, further demonstrating the versatility of this component in firearms of various designs.
Checkering: Checkering refers to a pattern of small, raised ridges or grooves meticulously carved into the surface of a firearm’s grip, stock, or forearm. This textured design enhances the shooter’s grip and control, improving handling and reducing slippage during firing, particularly in adverse conditions such as rain, sweat, or recoil. Checkering is commonly used to ensure a secure and comfortable hold, contributing to overall firearm stability and accuracy.
Choke: A choke is a tapered constriction at the muzzle end of a shotgun barrel, designed to control the spread of the shot as it exits the barrel. By narrowing the bore, chokes alter the shot pattern, allowing shooters to adjust the spread for specific distances and shooting scenarios. Different choke types, such as full, modified, improved cylinder, cylinder bore, extra-full, and turkey chokes, offer varying levels of constriction, enabling hunters and sport shooters to optimize accuracy and effectiveness based on the target and range. Chokes can be either fixed or interchangeable, with the latter allowing shooters to customize their setup for different conditions and purposes. They are crucial for achieving tighter shot patterns at longer ranges or wider spreads at closer distances, making them an essential tool for everything from hunting waterfowl to trap shooting.
Clear (Clearing): A firearm is considered “clear” when it has been properly checked to ensure it is safe to handle. This means the action is locked open, the safety selector is engaged, the magazine is removed and emptied, the chamber is devoid of any cartridge, and there is no ammunition in the immediate vicinity. These steps confirm that the firearm is unloaded and in a safe condition for handling or storage.
Clearance Drill: A clearance drill refers to the process of manipulating a firearm to resolve common malfunctions, typically when the weapon fails to feed, fire, extract, or eject. These drills are designed to quickly restore the firearm to working condition during a malfunction. However, clearance drills are ineffective if the firearm experiences a mechanical failure that prevents it from functioning entirely. Regular training in performing clearance drills can improve a shooter’s ability to address malfunctions efficiently under stress. Common malfunctions addressed by clearance drills include: Failure to Feed: When a round does not properly load into the chamber, often caused by magazine issues, damaged ammunition, or improper cycling, Failure to Fire: When the trigger is pulled, but the firearm does not discharge. This can result from a faulty primer, an incomplete chambering, or a mechanical problem, Failure to Extract: When the spent casing remains stuck in the chamber and is not removed by the extractor. This is often caused by a dirty chamber, weak extractor tension, or damaged components, Failure to Eject (Stovepipe): When the spent casing is not fully ejected from the firearm, often becoming stuck in the ejection port. This can be due to weak ammunition, an obstructed ejection port, or shooter-induced errors like limp-wristing.
CLEO (Chief Law Enforcement Officer): A CLEO, or Chief Law Enforcement Officer, is typically the local sheriff, police chief, or head of the law enforcement agency in a jurisdiction. Under federal law, the CLEO must be notified when a citizen is purchasing an NFA (National Firearms Act) regulated item, such as a suppressor (silencer), short-barreled rifle (SBR), or other similar items. This involves submitting a certification form as part of the federal paperwork during the approval process for the transfer of such items. While the CLEO does not have the authority to approve or deny the transfer, they must be notified to ensure compliance with local and state laws. In addition to NFA items, Federal Firearms Licensees (FFLs) are required to submit copies of specific forms to the CLEO for multiple firearm purchases made within a specified time frame, typically within five consecutive business days. This enables the CLEO to monitor and track bulk firearm transactions within their jurisdiction, ensuring that potential violations or suspicious activities are flagged. Although the CLEO does not have the authority to block these purchases, the notification process is a crucial aspect of oversight to maintain regulatory compliance.
Clip: A clip is a device used to store multiple rounds of ammunition together as a single unit, making it easier and faster to load or reload a firearm. Clips are often used to speed up the reloading process by allowing several rounds to be loaded at once, rather than inserting each round individually. It’s important to note that a clip is distinct from a magazine, which is a separate component that stores ammunition within the firearm itself and is used to feed rounds into the chamber. Despite being commonly mistaken for magazines, clips do not have the same internal function as magazines and are typically used for storing or transferring ammunition, not for feeding rounds into the chamber. They are more common in older firearms or certain military and surplus rifles, where rapid reloading was necessary in combat situations.
CLP (Cleaner, Lubricant, and Protectant): CLP is a versatile, all-in-one solution used for firearm maintenance. It effectively cleans fouling, carbon buildup, and debris from the firearm, ensuring reliable performance. In addition to its cleaning properties, CLP lubricates the moving parts, promoting smooth operation and reducing wear. Furthermore, it leaves a protective coating that helps prevent rust and corrosion, ensuring the firearm remains in top condition and ready for use. CLP is widely favored for its convenience, as it combines cleaning, lubrication, and protection in a single product.

Cock: To “cock” a firearm refers to the act of manually drawing back the hammer against its spring tension, preparing it to release when the trigger is pulled. This action primes the hammer, so that when the shooter presses the trigger, the hammer will strike the firing pin to ignite the primer and discharge the round. In firearms with internal hammers or striker-fired mechanisms, cocking may occur automatically when the shooter pulls the trigger, eliminating the need for manual cocking. This process ensures that the firearm is ready to fire once the trigger is engaged.
COL (Cartridge Overall Length): Cartridge Overall Length (COL) refers to the total length of a cartridge, from the tip of the bullet to the base of the casing, as defined by industry standards such as those set by SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute). Factory-loaded ammunition is designed to meet these standardized COL specifications to ensure reliable feeding and function across a variety of firearms and action types. This standard length is primarily for compatibility and safe operation in mass-produced guns, and does not necessarily optimize accuracy.
Collateral Damage: Collateral damage refers to unintended or incidental damage that occurs as a byproduct of an intended action or operation. Originally a military term, it is used to describe unintentional harm to people, property, or the environment that occurs during combat or warfare. Over time, the concept has expanded to broader contexts, including civilian operations and even technological or industrial processes, where unintended consequences or side effects occur while pursuing a primary goal or objective.
Collimator Sight: A collimator sight is a type of optical “blind” sight designed to provide a parallax-free aiming point that remains aligned with the firearm or device to which it is attached, regardless of the user’s eye position. This sight does not allow the user to look directly through it but instead presents an illuminated aiming point that the shooter can align with the target. The user typically operates the sight with both eyes open, enabling a broader field of view and faster target acquisition. Alternatively, the sight can be used by moving the head or adjusting one eye to see both the sight and target simultaneously. Collimator sights are often referred to by different names, such as “collimating sight” or “occluded eye gunsight” (OEG), depending on the specific design or application. These sights are commonly used in close-quarters and tactical shooting due to their speed and ease of use.
COM: Center of Mass (COM) refers to the central area of a target’s torso, typically the largest and most vital region. In shooting, aiming for the center of mass increases the likelihood of delivering effective, accurate hits due to its size and concentration of critical organs. This area is the primary target zone in defensive shooting and law enforcement training because it maximizes the chances of quickly stopping a threat.
Combination Gun: A combination gun is a versatile shoulder-held firearm featuring two or more barrels, typically with at least one rifle barrel and one shotgun barrel. Designed to provide multiple options for various shooting applications, such as hunting a wide range of game at different distances, combination guns are prized for their flexibility. The most common configuration is the over-under (O/U) design, where the two barrels are stacked vertically, one on top of the other. However, side-by-side (SxS) designs, where the barrels are arranged parallel to each other, are also available.
ComBloc: “ComBloc,” short for Communist Bloc, refers to the collective group of Eastern European and Soviet-aligned countries during the Cold War era, including the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and others. These nations worked together to produce standardized military equipment and firearms, which were often designed to meet the demands of large-scale, mass production for military forces. Some of the most iconic firearms to come out of the ComBloc countries include the AK-47, SKS, and the PPSh-41 submachine gun, which have become symbols of rugged, utilitarian design.

Mini compensator – a small muzzle device designed to reduce recoil and muzzle rise, improving accuracy and control by redirecting gases during firing

Mini Compensator factory installed on a Kimber Micro 9 SS 9MM Pistol

Compensator: A compensator is a specialized muzzle device attached to the end of a firearm’s barrel designed to counteract and reduce muzzle rise and recoil when a shot is fired. It works by redirecting the high-pressure gases that are expelled from the barrel upwards or sideways, directing them in a controlled manner to help mitigate the upward movement (muzzle climb) that typically occurs when firing, particularly with high-recoil firearms. By doing so, a compensator allows the shooter to maintain better control, faster follow-up shots, and increased overall accuracy during rapid fire or when firing multiple rounds in quick succession.
Concealed Carry: Concealed carry (CCW) refers to the practice of lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner on one’s person, ensuring that the firearm is hidden from plain sight and not readily visible to others. This practice is typically done for self-defense purposes, allowing individuals to carry a firearm discreetly while going about their daily activities. Concealed carry is legally regulated, with laws varying by jurisdiction. In many countries and U.S. states, individuals must apply for and obtain a concealed carry permit, which usually requires meeting certain eligibility criteria such as passing background checks, completing safety training, and demonstrating a valid reason for carrying a concealed weapon. Also see CWP.
Concentricity Gauge: A concentricity gauge is a precision tool used to measure the alignment of a cartridge or bullet, ensuring that the bullet is seated evenly within the case. This measurement checks for any misalignment or inconsistency in the construction of the round, which can have a direct impact on accuracy and performance. The primary function of a concentricity gauge is to ensure that the bullet is properly centered in the case, which allows for more predictable flight characteristics, reducing potential deviations in trajectory when the round is fired.
Controlled Pair: A controlled pair refers to two shots fired in rapid succession with deliberate aiming between each shot. Unlike a double tap, where both shots are fired using a single sight picture, a controlled pair requires the shooter to reacquire a second sight picture before firing the second shot. This method emphasizes accuracy and ensures better shot placement, particularly at longer distances or when precision is critical. Controlled pairs are commonly used in defensive shooting and tactical training, balancing speed with accuracy to effectively neutralize a threat.
Cooking Off: Cooking off refers to the premature ignition of ammunition, often occurring when a firearm has been subjected to excessive heat from prolonged or rapid firing. As the weapon heats up, typically due to sustained fire, the heat can reach a temperature high enough to ignite the primer or propellant within a round. This causes the round to discharge unintentionally, even if the trigger has not been pulled.
Cop-Killer Bullet: An inflammatory and misleading term with no official historical, legal, or technical definition. It is often used in media and political discourse to describe certain types of ammunition perceived to pose a heightened threat to law enforcement. However, the phrase is not recognized within the firearms industry or legal frameworks and does not accurately represent any specific category of ammunition. The term is commonly associated with bullets designed for armor-piercing, such as those used in military applications or specific law enforcement situations. However, modern law enforcement body armor is designed to withstand a wide range of ammunition, including many types of so-called “armor-piercing” rounds. The labeling of a bullet as a “cop-killer” is not only sensationalized but also misleading, as most bullets, regardless of type, are capable of inflicting harm under certain conditions. Furthermore, the notion of a “cop-killer bullet” often disregards the larger context of firearm safety and responsibility, focusing on a single type of ammunition while ignoring other factors, such as the use of firearms in criminal activity or the circumstances of the shooting incident. In reality, ammunition is classified by its intended use, such as hollow point, full metal jacket, or soft point, and not by any exaggerated or politicized label. A more accurate approach to firearm discussions involves focusing on responsible gun ownership, proper training, and ensuring that all ammunition types are used safely and legally.
Cordite: Cordite is a family of smokeless propellants developed and produced in the United Kingdom beginning in 1889 to replace traditional black powder (gunpowder) as a military propellant. It was initially designed to provide more powerful and efficient ammunition, especially for military applications, while reducing the smoke and residue associated with black powder. The formulation of cordite is based on a combination of nitroglycerin and smokeless powder, along with other stabilizing agents.
Co-Witness: Co-witnessing is the alignment of a firearm’s iron sights with an attached optic, such as a red dot sight, to allow both sighting systems to be used together. This setup ensures redundancy, so if the optic fails or malfunctions, the shooter can immediately switch to the iron sights without altering their shooting stance or sight picture. Co-witnessing provides an added layer of reliability, making it ideal for tactical, competitive, and defensive situations where quick target acquisition is essential.
CQB (Close-Quarters Battle): Close-quarters battle (CQB), sometimes referred to as close-quarters combat (CQC), is a form of combat where small military or law enforcement units engage the enemy at extremely close range, typically within 0-25 meters (or around 80 feet). This type of combat is characterized by its intensity and the need for rapid, decisive action, as engagements occur at distances where firearms, edged weapons, or even hand-to-hand combat are often employed.
CWP (Concealed Weapons Permit): A Concealed Weapons Permit (CWP) is a legal authorization that allows an individual to carry a concealed firearm in public. The permit typically requires applicants to meet specific criteria, including background checks, training, and sometimes a demonstrated need for self-defense. Laws regarding CWPs vary by state, with each jurisdiction setting its own guidelines for eligibility, issuance, and restrictions on where and how concealed firearms may be carried.

Cylinder – a rotating component of a revolver that holds multiple rounds of ammunition, allowing the firearm to fire successive shots with each rotation

22LR | 22M Dual Cylinders – Diamondback Sidekick Jesse James Revolver

Cylinder (Revolver): The cylinder is a key component of a revolver, functioning as the rotating part that holds multiple chambers, each capable of holding a cartridge. It is a cylindrical, drum-like structure designed to rotate, aligning each chamber sequentially with the barrel and firing mechanism to allow successive shots to be fired without the need for immediate reloading. The cylinder’s rotation is typically powered by the action of the firearm’s hammer or trigger mechanism, ensuring that each chamber is properly positioned for firing.
Cylinder Gap: The cylinder gap is the space between the cylinder and the barrel of a revolver. This gap allows for the necessary movement of the cylinder as it rotates to align with the barrel, enabling the firearm to cycle properly. It also provides an outlet for the expanding gases from the fired round to escape. The size of the cylinder gap can affect the revolver’s performance, including accuracy and muzzle velocity, as too large or too small of a gap may lead to inefficient combustion or excessive wear on the firearm. Proper maintenance and fitting are essential for optimal function.
Cylinder Stop: The cylinder stop is a critical component in a revolver that prevents the cylinder from rotating too far, ensuring that the chamber containing the cartridge aligns properly with the firing pin at the rear and the barrel at the front. When the trigger is pulled, the cylinder stop engages, locking the cylinder into place and holding the chamber securely in position for firing. This mechanism ensures accurate alignment and proper function, preventing misfires or chamber misalignment during shooting. The cylinder stop is an essential part of a revolver’s timing system, contributing to both safety and reliability.
Cylindro-Conoidal Bullet: A cylindro-conoidal bullet is a type of projectile with a distinctive hollow base and a conical shape, designed to expand upon firing and seal the bore of the firearm. This expansion improves the bullet’s fit within the rifled barrel, ensuring a more secure seal and enhancing its accuracy and muzzle velocity. The hollow base also aids in reducing the deformation of the bullet upon firing, maintaining its structural integrity as it travels downrange.

D

Dagger: A dagger is a double-edged, pointed knife with a symmetrical blade designed primarily for stabbing. Its sharp, evenly tapered edges allow for efficient penetration and thrusting motions. Typically featuring a handle with a grip designed for control, the dagger is a close-combat weapon known for its effectiveness in both offense and defense. Its compact size and symmetrical blade make it ideal for quick, precise strikes, particularly in situations where speed and maneuverability are critical.
Damascus Barrel or Damascus Twist: A Damascus barrel or Damascus twist refers to an ancient, now largely obsolete method of manufacturing firearm barrels, traditionally associated with high-quality craftsmanship. The process involved twisting multiple strips of metal—usually a combination of different alloys—around a mandrel (a rod or form) and then forge welding them together to create a solid barrel. This barrel was characterized by its distinctive, flowing pattern, which was often the result of the complex folding and welding techniques used to produce it. The pattern itself resembled that of Damascus steel, a legendary material known for its unique patterns and high durability, historically used in the creation of swords and blades.
Deburring: Deburring is the process of removing sharp edges, rough spots, or excess material (commonly known as burrs) from metal parts following machining, cutting, or other manufacturing processes. Burrs are unwanted projections or rough areas that can form on metal surfaces due to cutting, drilling, grinding, or other mechanical processes. In the context of firearms manufacturing, deburring is a critical step that directly affects the firearm’s performance, reliability, and safety. It is essential not only for achieving smooth operation but also for improving the overall functionality and longevity of the firearm.
Decapping Die: refers to a reloading tool specifically designed to remove spent primers from cartridge cases by forcing them out through the primer pocket. This tool is a crucial part of the reloading process, as it is used in the initial stage of reloading to prepare the cartridge case for the insertion of a new primer. The decapping die ensures that the primer pocket is clear of any obstructions, allowing for the smooth seating of the new primer and contributing to the overall safety and performance of the reloaded ammunition.
Decapping: Decapping is the process of removing the spent primer from a used cartridge case during the reloading process. It is one of the first critical steps in reloading ammunition, ensuring that the cartridge is properly prepared for reuse. Decapping involves using a decapping die or specialized tool to punch out the old primer, which is crucial for inserting a new primer to load fresh powder and create a ready-to-fire cartridge.
Decocking Lever: A decocking lever is a crucial firearm safety feature designed to safely lower the hammer or firing pin from a cocked position without discharging the weapon. This mechanism is commonly found in double-action pistols and other firearms with a similar cocked firing system. By engaging the decocking lever, the shooter can disengage the firing mechanism, reducing the risk of an accidental discharge when the firearm is not in use or when transitioning between various states of readiness.
Delayed Blowback: Delayed blowback is a type of blowback operation in firearms where the opening of the action (bolt or breech) is delayed after the round is fired. This delay allows the gas pressure inside the chamber to drop to a safe level before the action begins to open and the cartridge is extracted. The mechanism behind delayed blowback typically involves a combination of mechanical components or a specific design feature that resists the initial force of the gas pressure, effectively delaying the movement of the bolt or breechblock until pressure levels decrease to a point where extraction and cycling of the firearm can occur safely and efficiently.

Derringer – a small, compact handgun typically featuring a two-shot capacity, known for its concealability and use in close-range self-defense

Bond Arms – Derringer DT47 | .410/45 Colt

Derringer: A Derringer is a type of compact, breechloading handgun that is often characterized by its small size and simplicity of design. Typically featuring one to four barrels, Derringers are known for their easily concealable nature, making them popular for self-defense and concealed carry, particularly in situations where discretion is paramount. Their small size and low weight make them highly portable, though they generally offer a limited capacity and range compared to larger, more traditional firearms.
Direct Impingement: is a type of gas-operated mechanism used in some firearms, where the gas produced by a fired cartridge is channeled directly into the bolt carrier group or slide assembly to cycle the firearm’s action. Unlike traditional gas piston systems, which use the gas to drive a piston that then cycles the action, direct impingement relies on the gas being routed directly to the bolt carrier or slide to impart energy, causing the action to function.
Direct Thread: This is a suppressor attachment method that involves screwing the suppressor directly onto a firearm’s threaded barrel. This method provides a secure and stable connection, ensuring that the suppressor stays firmly in place during firing. The direct thread system is favored for its simplicity and reliability, as it eliminates the need for additional adapters or quick-detach mechanisms, making it a straightforward and effective solution for sound suppression.
Disassembly: Disassembly refers to the process of removing or separating parts of a firearm, typically as part of a field strip for cleaning, maintenance, or inspection. This process varies by firearm type but generally involves breaking down the firearm into major components such as the slide, barrel, bolt, and recoil assembly. Proper disassembly ensures safe operation, helps prevent malfunctions, and extends the lifespan of the firearm. Some firearms require only basic field stripping, while others may allow for further detailed disassembly for advanced maintenance or repair.
Discharge: Discharge refers to the act of firing a firearm, where the trigger is pulled, causing the firing mechanism to ignite the cartridge and propel a projectile. This term applies to intentional firing, such as during shooting practice or self-defense, as well as unintentional discharges, which can occur due to mishandling or mechanical failure. Proper firearm safety and handling are essential to prevent accidental discharges and ensure responsible use.
Disconnector: The disconnector is a crucial safety component in many firearms that ensures semi-automatic operation by breaking the mechanical connection between the trigger and the hammer or striker. When the trigger is pulled, the disconnector momentarily releases the hammer to the sear, preventing the firearm from firing again until the trigger is fully reset. This mechanism ensures that only one round is fired per trigger pull, preventing unintended automatic fire. Disconnectors are commonly found in semi-automatic firearms and play a vital role in safe and controlled operation.
Doglock: The doglock was a predecessor to the true flintlock, used in both rifles and pistols throughout the 17th century. Commonly adopted across Europe, it gained particular favor in the British and Dutch militaries. The key distinguishing feature of the doglock was the external safety mechanism, known as the “dog,” which acted as a catch to hold the cock in a half-cocked position, preventing accidental discharge. This made it an early attempt at incorporating a safety feature into firearm design. Doglock firearms were widely used by harquebusiers, the most prevalent type of cavalry during the Thirty Years’ War and the English Civil War. The doglock carbine served as their primary weapon, offering a reliable ignition system before the refinement of the flintlock mechanism. While eventually phased out in favor of the true flintlock, doglock firearms played a significant role in the evolution of early firearms technology.
Dong: The “dong” is a distinctive wooden foregrip found on some AK-47 and AKM rifles, named for its downward-curving shape. This integral grip, typically seen on Eastern European and Vietnamese AK variants, provides enhanced control and stability, particularly during rapid or full-auto fire. The dong-style foregrip helps users maintain a firm hold on the rifle, reducing muzzle climb and improving handling in sustained fire situations. While originally designed for military use, it remains popular among collectors and enthusiasts for its historical significance and ergonomic benefits.
Double Action (DA): A double-action firearm is designed so that pulling the trigger performs two functions: cocking the hammer and releasing it to fire the round, all within a single trigger pull. This mechanism eliminates the need to manually cock the hammer between shots, allowing for faster follow-up shots. Double-action systems are commonly found in revolvers and some semi-automatic pistols. Types of Double-Action Firearms: Double-Action Revolver (DA Revolver): In these revolvers, the trigger pull both cocks and releases the hammer, making them faster to operate than single-action revolvers. Most DA revolvers also allow for single-action operation by manually cocking the hammer before firing, reducing trigger pull weight for increased accuracy. Double-Action Only (DAO) Firearms: Some firearms, particularly semi-automatic pistols and certain revolvers, are designed to operate in double-action mode only, meaning the hammer cannot be manually cocked for single-action firing. These models often have a consistent trigger pull for every shot. Double-action mechanisms provide a balance between speed and safety, as the longer, heavier trigger pull reduces the likelihood of accidental discharge while still allowing for rapid firing when needed.
Double Feed: A double feed is a firearm malfunction in which two cartridges attempt to enter the chamber simultaneously, resulting in a jam that prevents proper cycling. This malfunction typically occurs due to issues with the magazine, extractor, or a failure to eject the spent casing before the next round is fed.
Double Rifle: A double rifle is a firearm with two barrels, typically of the same caliber, designed for quick follow-up shots without the need for manual cycling. Similar to double-barreled shotguns, double rifles come in two main configurations: Over-and-Under (O/U): The barrels are stacked vertically, providing a more compact profile and a single sight plane for improved accuracy. Side-by-Side (SxS): The barrels are positioned horizontally, offering a more traditional appearance and a wider sight picture.
Double Stack: A double-stack magazine is a firearm magazine design in which ammunition is staggered in two vertical columns, increasing capacity compared to single-stack magazines. This design is commonly used in semi-automatic pistols and some rifles, allowing the firearm to hold more rounds without significantly increasing the magazine’s length. Characteristics of a Double-Stack Magazine: Higher Capacity: Can hold more rounds than single-stack magazines of the same length, making it ideal for duty, self-defense, and competition use. Wider Profile: Due to the staggered arrangement, double-stack magazines are generally wider, which can affect grip size and ergonomics, particularly for shooters with smaller hands. Tapered Feed: The top of the magazine tapers to align the staggered rounds into a single feeding position, ensuring reliable chambering of each cartridge. Double-stack magazines are the standard in most modern full-size and compact semi-automatic pistols, offering an optimal balance between capacity and handling. However, subcompact firearms designed for concealed carry often utilize single-stack magazines for a slimmer profile.
Double Tap: A double tap in firearms refers to the technique of quickly firing two consecutive shots at a target with minimal time between them, usually to maximize the likelihood of stopping a threat or achieving precise hits. This method is commonly practiced in defensive shooting, law enforcement training, and shooting competitions, as it improves both accuracy and speed under pressure. Key Characteristics of a Double Tap: Rapid Fire: The two shots are fired in quick succession, with little to no pause between them, often within a fraction of a second. No Target Shift: Typically, the shooter doesn’t re-aim between shots, focusing on the same target, ensuring the second round is placed immediately after the first for maximum effectiveness. Increased Effectiveness: In defensive situations, a double tap helps ensure the first round’s impact is supplemented by a second shot, reducing the chances of the threat continuing to pose a risk. Double tapping is an important skill for both civilian self-defense and professional tactical applications, allowing for efficient engagement of a target while maintaining control over the firearm. It’s a technique that requires practice to master, as rapid follow-up shots demand precise control and timing.
Double-Barreled Shotgun: A double-barreled shotgun is a firearm with two barrels, typically of the same gauge or bore, designed to provide rapid follow-up shots without the need for manual cycling. There are two main configurations: Over/Under (O/U): The barrels are stacked vertically, offering better balance, a single sight plane, and improved accuracy, making this style popular for sporting clays, trap, and skeet shooting. Side-by-Side (SxS): The barrels are positioned horizontally, giving a more traditional aesthetic and a wider sight picture, commonly favored in hunting and classic shotgun designs. Double-barreled shotguns are widely used for hunting, sport shooting, and defense due to their reliability and simplicity. Many feature selective triggers or barrel selectors, allowing the shooter to choose which barrel fires first.
Doubling: Doubling in firearms refers to the unintentional discharge of two rounds with a single pull of the trigger, often caused by a malfunction or mechanical failure. This issue is more commonly seen in semi-automatic firearms, where the trigger mechanism or sear fails to reset properly between shots, allowing the firearm to discharge twice before the shooter releases the trigger.
Dovetail: A dovetail is a type of machined, angled groove or notch commonly found on firearms, used to securely mount components such as sights, scope bases, or other accessories. The dovetail design, which features an angled cut that widens toward the base, allows for a tight, friction-based fit that ensures the attached part remains stable even under the stresses of recoil and continuous use.
Dram Equivalent: Dram equivalent is a unit of measurement used in shotgun ammunition to represent the relative power or velocity of modern smokeless powder in comparison to older black powder loads, which were originally measured in drams. The dram equivalent provides shooters with a way to gauge the performance of modern shells, even though they use smokeless powder rather than black powder. This measurement reflects the energy or pressure produced by the propellant, helping to standardize the comparison between older and modern shotgun loads. Overall, the dram equivalent serves as a useful reference for gauging the relative power of shotgun ammunition and helps shooters select the right load for their specific shooting needs.
Drilling: A drilling is a type of firearm with three barrels, derived from the German word drei, meaning “three.” Typically, it features two shotgun barrels arranged in a side-by-side configuration on the top and a single rifle barrel located underneath. This versatile design allows hunters to quickly switch between shotgun and rifle functionality, making it ideal for hunting in environments where both small and large game may be encountered in quick succession.
Drop: Drop refers to the vertical displacement or “fall” of a projectile due to gravity as it travels through the air. As a round travels toward its target, gravity continuously pulls it downward, causing it to drop from its initial trajectory. The amount of drop a round experiences is influenced by several factors, including velocity, projectile shape, and atmospheric conditions. By understanding drop, shooters can better compensate for vertical displacement, increasing their accuracy, particularly when shooting at longer ranges where the effects of gravity are more pronounced.
Drum Magazine: A drum magazine is a type of firearm magazine with a cylindrical shape, designed to store and feed a large number of rounds to a firearm. Unlike traditional box magazines, which stack rounds in a vertical or horizontal arrangement, drum magazines store cartridges in a spiral configuration around a central spindle. This design allows for higher capacity and smoother feeding of ammunition, making drum magazines particularly useful in automatic firearms such as light machine guns (LMGs) or submachine guns. Overall, drum magazines are valued for their high-capacity and efficient feeding in firearms that demand sustained firepower, though they come with trade-offs in terms of weight, size, and maintenance.
Dry Fire: Dry firing refers to the practice of pulling the trigger on an unloaded firearm, causing the firing mechanism to function without discharging a live round. This technique is commonly used for training and practice, especially to improve trigger control, muscle memory, and shooting form. While dry firing can be highly effective in sharpening skills, it may cause wear or potential damage to certain firearms, particularly those with rimfire designs, due to the strain placed on the firing pin and other internal components when there is no round in the chamber to absorb the impact.
Dud: A dud refers to a cartridge that fails to fire when the primer is struck, often due to a defective primer, improper storage, or manufacturing issues. This malfunction can occur when the firing pin strikes the primer, but the primer fails to ignite the powder, leaving the round inert. A dud may also result from issues like moisture, corrosion, or damage to the cartridge. Duds are an occasional malfunction that can happen with any ammunition, but handling them with caution and proper technique ensures the shooter’s safety and the continued reliable use of the firearm.
Dum-Dum Bullet: is a type of expanding bullet designed to increase in diameter upon impact, causing greater tissue damage and limiting penetration. This expansion leads to a larger wound channel, making it more effective for stopping a target. The term “dum-dum” originates from the Dum Dum Arsenal in India, where these types of bullets were first produced in the late 19th century. Dum-dum bullets are often used for hunting and self-defense due to their ability to cause more significant damage, while also minimizing the risk of over-penetration. The two typical designs are the Hollow-Point Bullet and the Soft-Point Bullet.
Dummy: A dummy round is a completely inert ammunition cartridge designed for training, practice, and testing firearm functionality without the risk of firing a live round. Unlike blanks, which contain a propellant but no projectile, dummy rounds contain no primer, propellant, or explosive charge whatsoever. These rounds are non-functional replicas of live ammunition and are primarily used to simulate the handling, loading, and cycling of firearms. While dummy rounds are inert and safe for training, they should still be handled with the same caution as live ammunition. Always ensure that dummy rounds are clearly marked and separated from live rounds to avoid confusion during training or operational scenarios.

Dust cover – a protective component on firearms, typically covering the ejection port, designed to keep debris and dirt out of the action when not in use

Dust Cover – Open (L) Closed (R)

Dust Cover: A dust cover is a protective component, typically found on firearms such as the AR-15, designed to shield the ejection port from contaminants like dirt, sand, and debris when the firearm is not in use. The ejection port allows spent casings to exit the upper receiver after a shot is fired, and the dust cover ensures that external particles do not enter the mechanism, which could potentially cause malfunctions. When the firearm is fired, the dust cover automatically opens to allow the spent cartridge to exit the ejection port, ensuring smooth cycling and reducing the likelihood of jams or malfunctions caused by debris.

E

Ear protection: refers to devices designed to reduce the harmful noise levels generated by firearms during discharge, thereby preventing hearing damage. The loud sound of a firearm can cause permanent hearing loss if exposed to repeatedly, especially in high-decibel environments like shooting ranges or hunting expeditions. Ear protection comes in two main types: earplugs and ear defenders. Also see: Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) and Electronic Ear Protection.
Effective range: refers to the maximum distance at which a firearm or ammunition can accurately and reliably hit a target while maintaining sufficient energy to achieve the intended result, such as penetration or stopping power. The effective range is determined by factors such as the firearm’s design, ammunition type, and external conditions like wind, temperature, humidity, and elevation.
Ejection and Extractor Mechanism: Ejection refers to the process by which a spent cartridge casing is expelled from the firearm’s chamber after a round is fired, clearing the way for the next round to be chambered. This action is typically carried out by the firearm’s ejector mechanism, which uses force to propel the spent casing out of the firearm. Ejection is crucial for ensuring the proper cycling of semi-automatic and automatic firearms, allowing them to fire multiple rounds in rapid succession without manual intervention. The extractor is the part of the firearm responsible for pulling the spent cartridge from the chamber after firing. Once the extractor pulls the casing, it positions the spent round to be ejected by the ejector. Together, the extractor and ejector ensure smooth cycling by removing the spent casing and making room for the next round to be chambered, preventing malfunctions like jams or misfeeds.
Ejection Port Loading: This is the technique of manually inserting a cartridge directly into the chamber of a firearm through the ejection port, bypassing the magazine. This method is commonly employed in semi-automatic firearms when a rapid reload is necessary or when a shooter needs to chamber a round quickly without fully loading the magazine. It allows the user to load a single round into the chamber, providing a fast, efficient way to keep the firearm operational in situations where reloading the magazine might take too long. Ejection port loading is particularly useful in tactical scenarios or during firearm malfunctions where time is critical.
Electronic firing: refers to the use of an electric current to ignite the propellant in a cartridge, replacing the traditional percussion cap or primer. In an electronically fired firearm, a triggered electrical circuit generates a spark or heat, which ignites the propellant, causing the round to discharge. This method eliminates the mechanical firing pin and primer, allowing for a more precise and reliable ignition system. Electronic firing is typically found in advanced firearms or specialized weapons systems, offering enhanced performance, faster response times, and greater durability compared to conventional mechanical firing mechanisms.
Emergency Reload: An emergency reload occurs when all rounds in the magazine or cylinder have been fired, and the firearm is no longer capable of firing. This situation is characterized by the slide being locked back (in semi-automatic pistols) or the cylinder being empty (in revolvers), signaling that the weapon needs to be reloaded to continue firing. During an emergency reload, the shooter must quickly replace the empty magazine or load new rounds into the cylinder, ensuring the firearm is ready for the next shot. Speed and efficiency are critical during this process, as it often occurs in high-stress situations.
Expanding Bullet: An expanding bullet is a type of projectile designed to increase in diameter upon impact, which helps to limit penetration and create a larger wound channel. This expansion is intended to transfer more energy to the target, causing greater tissue damage and stopping power. The most common designs for expanding bullets are hollow-point and soft-point bullets. Hollow-point bullets feature a cavity in the nose that facilitates expansion upon impact, while soft-point bullets have a softer lead tip that deforms more easily on impact. Both designs are primarily used for hunting and self-defense, where controlled expansion is desired to maximize effectiveness while minimizing the risk of over-penetration.
Exploding Bullet: An exploding bullet is a projectile designed with an explosive charge that detonates upon impact with a target. These types of bullets are extremely rare and largely ineffective for practical use, as their explosive components often lack the necessary penetration to be useful in defensive or hunting scenarios. The limited effectiveness is due to the fact that the explosive charge is usually insufficient to cause significant damage to deeply embedded targets, such as vital organs or dense tissue. While the concept of explosive ammunition has been popularized in media and fiction, these rounds are generally not favored in real-world applications due to their unreliable performance and legal restrictions in many regions.
Explosive: An explosive is any substance, such as TNT, that undergoes a rapid chemical reaction, resulting in a violent release of energy, which causes a sudden transformation into gas accompanied by intense heat and pressure. This rapid expansion generates a shockwave capable of causing damage or destruction. In contrast, smokeless powder, the propellant commonly used in firearms, deflagrates (burns relatively slowly) and relies on its confinement within a cartridge case and the firearm’s chamber to create controlled pressure. This controlled burn provides the energy needed to propel a bullet, as opposed to the instantaneous detonation seen with explosives.
External Safety: An external safety is a safety mechanism located on the outer surfaces of a firearm, designed to be manually engaged or disengaged by the user. While many external safeties require intentional action from the shooter—such as a thumb safety or a lever—some, like a grip safety, automatically engage without requiring any deliberate action from the user. In the case of a grip safety, the firearm remains in a safe condition until the shooter establishes a proper grip, at which point the safety disengages automatically. External safeties play a key role in preventing accidental discharges while allowing the shooter to maintain control over when the firearm is ready to fire.
Extractor: The extractor is a critical component in a firearm responsible for removing spent cartridge cases from the chamber after the round has been fired. As the firearm cycles, the extractor engages with the rim or base of the spent casing, lifting or pulling it out of the chamber and preparing it for ejection. This ensures that the chamber is cleared, allowing the firearm to load and fire the next round without obstruction. The extractor plays a vital role in maintaining smooth cycling and reliable operation, particularly in semi-automatic and automatic firearms.
Extreme range: refers to the maximum distance a bullet can travel under optimal conditions, beyond which its accuracy, energy, and control are significantly reduced. This distance is typically much greater than the effective range of the firearm and is influenced by factors such as the type of firearm, ammunition, and environmental conditions (e.g., wind, humidity, and elevation). While a bullet may maintain velocity and travel a long distance, its ability to remain accurate and deliver effective energy diminishes as it moves beyond the extreme range, making it impractical for reliable targeting at such distances.
Eye relief: refers to the optimal distance between the viewer’s eye and the eyepiece of an optical device, such as binoculars or a rifle scope, where the full, clear image is visible without distortion or vignetting. In optics, this distance aligns the exit pupil of the eyepiece with the entrance pupil of the viewer’s eye. For shooters, eye relief is a critical factor for both comfort and safety. Insufficient eye relief, or too short a distance, can force the shooter to place their eye too close to the scope, risking injury from recoil, such as cuts to the eyebrow or face from the scope’s impact. Proper eye relief ensures a clear, unimpeded sight picture while minimizing the risk of injury, allowing the shooter to maintain a safe and effective shooting position.

F

Fail-to-Fire: A failure-to-fire is a firearm malfunction where the firearm fails to discharge a round when the trigger is pulled. This can occur due to various issues, such as a misfiring primer, faulty ammunition, or a malfunctioning firing pin or striker. The result is a failure in the ignition process, preventing the firearm from properly firing a round despite an attempt to do so.
Failure to Extract: A Failure to Extract (FTE) is a malfunction in a semi-automatic firearm where the extractor fails to remove the spent casing from the chamber as the slide moves backward. As a result, the empty case remains in the chamber while the slide, on its return forward movement, attempts to load a fresh round into the same space. This can lead to a double feed malfunction, where both the spent casing and the new round are attempting to occupy the chamber simultaneously. FTEs can be caused by a variety of factors, including a dirty chamber, weak extractor, or damaged ammunition, and they often require immediate corrective action to restore the firearm to operational condition.
Failure to Feed: A Failure to Feed (FTF) occurs in a semi-automatic firearm when the slide moves forward but fails to properly pick up a fresh round from the magazine to chamber it. This malfunction typically happens when the slide passes over the round without engaging it, preventing it from being loaded into the chamber as the slide returns to battery. FTFs are often closely related to misfeeds, with both malfunctions frequently stemming from the same root causes, such as magazine issues, weak ammunition, or improper recoil spring function. Addressing these underlying problems is essential for resolving the issue and ensuring reliable firearm operation.
Falling Block Action (Sliding-Block Action): The falling block action, also known as the sliding-block action, is a single-shot firearm mechanism in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically within grooves in the rifle’s breech. A lever actuates the movement of the breechblock. When in the top position, the block locks securely, resisting recoil and sealing the chamber. When in the lowered position, the block opens the chamber, allowing the shooter to load a cartridge from the rear. This action is known for its robustness and simplicity, often found in classic hunting rifles and military firearms.
Feed Ramp: A feeding ramp is a component of a firearm that guides the cartridge from the magazine into the chamber during the cycling process. It ensures smooth and reliable feeding of ammunition into the chamber, helping to align the cartridge with the chamber’s entrance. The design and smoothness of the feed ramp are critical for preventing malfunctions, such as failures to feed or jams, especially in semi-automatic and automatic firearms.
Ferritic Nitrocarburizing: This is a case-hardening process that involves diffusing nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-critical temperatures to enhance the surface properties of the metal. This process improves scuffing resistance, fatigue strength, and corrosion resistance, making it ideal for components that undergo high wear and stress. Also known as nitriding, it is commonly used to improve the durability and longevity of engine parts, gears, and firearm components by creating a hard, wear-resistant surface layer.
Field Strip: A field strip refers to the process of partially disassembling a firearm for cleaning, maintenance, or inspection, typically without the need for specialized tools. This procedure allows the user to access key components, such as the barrel, slide, or recoil spring, for routine maintenance or to address minor malfunctions in the field. If more detailed disassembly requiring tools is necessary, this process is referred to as a detail strip.
Fire Control Group (FCG): The Fire Control Group (FCG) is the assembly of internal components within a firearm responsible for initiating and controlling the firing sequence. It typically includes the trigger, hammer, sear, and other related parts. The FCG regulates the operation of the firearm, determining the firing mode—whether semi-automatic, burst, or fully automatic—based on its design. This group plays a critical role in the firearm’s functionality, ensuring proper cycling and shot placement.
Fire Forming: is the process of reshaping a metallic cartridge case to match the dimensions of a new chamber by firing it within that chamber. This technique is typically used when resizing or reloading brass for firearms with custom chambers, allowing the case to conform to the specific shape of the chamber and ensuring a proper fit for future use. It helps improve accuracy and reliability by ensuring the case is properly formed for the firearm’s chamber specifications.
Firearm: A firearm is defined by federal law as any rifle, shotgun, or handgun designed to use a propellant, such as gunpowder, to discharge a projectile. For a device to be classified as a firearm, it must rely on the combustion of this propellant to generate the necessary energy for firing a round. This combustion process distinguishes firearms from other weapons or devices that do not use gunpowder or similar propellants.
Firing Pin: The firing pin is a small, rod-like component in a firearm’s firing mechanism that strikes the primer of a cartridge, igniting the gunpowder and firing the round. It serves as the link between the trigger pull and the ignition of the cartridge. When the firearm’s trigger is pulled, the firing pin is driven forward, striking the primer and initiating the ignition process. In hammer-fired firearms, the hammer strikes the firing pin, which then impacts the primer to discharge the weapon. The firing pin is essential for the firearm’s operation, ensuring that the round is properly ignited and the firearm functions as intended.
Fixed Ammunition: Fixed ammunition refers to a complete cartridge consisting of several components—such as the bullet, casing, primer, and propellant—that are permanently assembled into a single, ready-to-fire unit. This term historically encompassed various types of obsolete ammunition but is now most commonly associated with modern rimfire and centerfire cartridges. In both rimfire and centerfire designs, the primer is located either at the base of the rim (rimfire) or at the center of the casing (centerfire), where it ignites the propellant to fire the bullet when struck by the firearm’s firing pin. Fixed ammunition is the standard in modern firearms, offering reliability and ease of use.
Flash Suppressor (Flash Hider): A flash suppressor (or flash hider) is a muzzle device designed to reduce the visible flash of light generated when a firearm is discharged. It works by cooling and redirecting the hot gases and air expelled from the barrel upon firing, which diminishes the intensity of the flash. This is particularly useful in low-light conditions, as it helps the shooter maintain night vision and avoid giving away their position. The flash suppressor is attached directly to the muzzle of the firearm and is commonly found on military, tactical, and hunting rifles.
Flat Dark Earth (FDE): is a popular color finish used on firearms, tactical gear, and accessories, characterized by a muted blend of brown and tan. This color is designed to provide effective camouflage in desert, arid, or rocky environments, helping the user blend into their surroundings. FDE’s matte, non-reflective appearance enhances its tactical advantages, reducing visibility in both military and civilian applications. Due to its versatile, low-profile aesthetic and functional camouflage properties, FDE is widely favored in outdoor, tactical, and defense settings.
Flat Trigger: A flat trigger is a type of firearm trigger that features a flat, horizontal face, as opposed to the more traditional curved design. The flat surface allows for a more uniform distribution of pressure across the finger, providing enhanced control and consistency during each trigger pull. This design is favored by some shooters for its improved ergonomics and potential for better trigger feel, especially in precision shooting. By being perpendicular to the receiver, the flat trigger also helps in reducing the possibility of “trigger pull inconsistency,” providing a more predictable response and a faster reset during rapid firing.
Flinch: A flinch is an involuntary movement or jerk of the firearm during the trigger pull, typically caused by anticipation of the recoil or muzzle blast. This reflexive reaction can negatively impact accuracy, as it causes the shooter to unintentionally alter the aim or disrupt the shot before the round is fired. Flinching is a common issue, especially among novice shooters or those unaccustomed to the recoil of powerful firearms, and can be corrected through proper training, controlled practice, and desensitization to the firearm’s recoil.
Flintlock: The flintlock is an early firearm ignition system that uses a piece of flint to create a spark, which ignites the gunpowder and discharges the weapon. When the trigger is pulled, a hammer holding a flint strikes a steel plate (the frizzen), producing a spark that ignites the priming powder in the pan. The resulting flash travels through a small hole to the main charge in the barrel, firing the round. Although now obsolete, flintlocks were widely used from the 17th to the early 19th century and were key in the development of firearms, paving the way for more modern ignition systems like percussion caps. Flintlocks are still of interest to collectors and enthusiasts due to their historical significance.
Floor Plate: A floor plate is the bottom component of a firearm’s magazine, serving to securely retain the magazine spring and follower. It helps to maintain the structural integrity of the magazine while providing a stable base for feeding ammunition. The floor plate also allows for easy disassembly of the magazine for cleaning and maintenance, as it provides access to the internal spring and follower mechanism. Depending on the design, it may also include features for easy attachment or removal from the firearm, ensuring smooth operation and reloading.
Fluted Barrel: A fluted barrel refers to a barrel, typically on a rifle, in which material is removed in a series of grooves or channels along its length. These grooves reduce the weight of the barrel while increasing surface area, which helps with heat dissipation during rapid or prolonged firing. Fluting also enhances the barrel’s rigidity, improving overall accuracy and performance. While fluted barrels are most commonly associated with rifles, fluting can also be applied to the cylinder of a revolver or the bolt of a bolt-action rifle. For bolts, the fluting is often helical, providing additional weight reduction and smoother cycling. Fluted barrels are popular in both tactical and sporting firearms for their blend of performance and aesthetics.
Fluted Chamber: A fluted chamber is a barrel chamber that features grooves or channels, designed to allow gas to escape around the cartridge during the extraction process. This design reduces friction between the chamber and the cartridge, easing the extraction of spent casings and improving the overall reliability of the firearm. Fluted chambers are particularly common in delayed blowback firearms, where the chamber’s design aids in controlling the timing of the action, preventing premature extraction and improving cycling efficiency. The added gas release helps ensure smooth operation, particularly in high-pressure environments or with high-velocity ammunition.
FMJ: FMJ stands for Full Metal Jacket, referring to a type of bullet where the lead core is fully encased in a metal jacket, typically made of copper or a copper alloy. The jacket covers the entire bullet, except for the base, providing added durability and reducing lead fouling in the barrel. FMJ bullets are known for their ability to retain their shape and penetrate targets with minimal deformation, making them commonly used for military, target shooting, and training purposes. While they offer reliable feeding and accuracy, FMJs are less effective for expansion upon impact compared to other bullet types, such as hollow points.
Follower: A follower is the component in a firearm magazine that sits atop the magazine spring and directly supports the ammunition. Its primary role is to ensure consistent, reliable pressure from the spring, which helps feed cartridges smoothly and in a controlled manner to the firearm’s action. The follower moves upward as rounds are fed from the magazine, maintaining proper alignment and allowing each round to be pushed into the chamber without obstruction. A well-designed follower contributes to smoother, more reliable feeding, reducing the likelihood of malfunctions, such as feeding jams.
Follow-Through: Follow-through refers to the continued mental and physical application of marksmanship fundamentals after the shot is fired. It involves maintaining focus, proper stance, grip, and trigger control while allowing the firearm to settle naturally, ensuring consistent accuracy with each shot. Follow-through is essential for preventing flinching, maintaining alignment, and preparing for subsequent shots. By emphasizing follow-through, a shooter can improve their overall performance, ensuring that every round is fired with precision and control, regardless of whether it’s the first or the last in a series.
Forcing Cone: The forcing cone is a tapered section located at the rear of a revolver’s barrel, just in front of the cylinder. It helps guide the bullet smoothly into the barrel’s rifling, ensuring a proper alignment and minimizing bullet deformation as it enters the bore. This feature, similar to a feed ramp in other firearms, is designed to reduce friction and pressure on the bullet, which enhances accuracy and reduces wear on both the bullet and the barrel. The forcing cone plays a critical role in ensuring a smooth transition from the cylinder to the rifling, optimizing performance and reducing the chances of fouling or leading buildup.
Foregrip: A foregrip is an accessory mounted to the underside of a rifle’s handguard, designed to provide the shooter with enhanced stability and control. By offering a more secure and comfortable grip, the foregrip helps reduce fatigue, particularly during prolonged or rapid-fire sessions. It improves handling and allows for more precise maneuvering of the firearm, contributing to better accuracy and overall performance. The foregrip is especially beneficial in tactical scenarios or when quick, controlled shooting is required, offering greater confidence in firearm management.
Forend: The forend, also known as the forearm or handguard, is the portion of a firearm located beneath the barrel, designed to provide a secure gripping surface for the shooter’s support hand. In addition to offering improved control and stability, the forend helps protect the shooter from the heat generated by the barrel during extended firing. It often includes built-in rails or mounting points for attaching accessories such as bipods, lights, lasers, or grips, enhancing the firearm’s versatility and functionality. The forend is an essential component for both tactical use and precision shooting, ensuring comfort and performance during operation.

Forward assist – a feature on certain rifles, allowing the shooter to manually push the bolt into battery if it fails to fully close, ensuring reliable cycling

Forward Assist button on GLFA AR-15 .223 Wylde Rifle

Forward Assist: The forward assist is a small button or mechanism on a firearm designed to allow the shooter to manually push the bolt forward into the locked position. Typically found on the side of the AR-15 or M-16 receiver, the forward assist was developed in the 1960s to address reliability issues with the early M-16 rifles used during the Vietnam War. When a round fails to fully chamber due to dirt, debris, or other factors, the forward assist provides the shooter with a simple way to ensure the bolt is fully closed and the firearm is ready to fire. It is a crucial feature for enhancing reliability in semi-automatic and automatic rifles under demanding conditions.
Fouling Shot: A fouling shot is the first shot fired through a clean barrel, intentionally aimed to leave a small amount of residue or fouling inside the bore. This residue, typically a mixture of powder, lead, copper, and carbon, helps prepare the barrel for more consistent performance during subsequent shots. The first shot through a clean bore often behaves differently from the following shots, as the barrel’s surface is initially smooth, and the lack of residue can lead to a different point of impact. By firing a fouling shot, shooters aim to ensure that subsequent rounds will behave more predictably. Fouling refers to the buildup of residue, including carbon, lead, copper, and other materials, inside the barrel and action of a firearm after repeated firing. Over time, this buildup can negatively impact accuracy, reliability, and overall performance, making regular cleaning essential to maintain optimal function and precision. Regular fouling shots, along with proper maintenance, can help mitigate these effects and maintain a firearm’s accuracy.
FPE (Foot Pounds of Energy): FPE stands for Foot Pounds of Energy, a unit of measurement used to quantify the kinetic energy of a bullet as it leaves the firearm. It is calculated by factoring in the bullet’s velocity and weight. The formula for determining FPE involves multiplying the bullet’s mass (in grains) by the square of its velocity (in feet per second) and then dividing by a constant. FPE is an important measure of a bullet’s power, helping to assess its potential for penetration, impact, and effectiveness in various applications, from self-defense to hunting.
FPS (Feet Per Second): FPS stands for Feet Per Second, a unit of measurement commonly used to express the velocity at which a bullet travels once it leaves the firearm’s muzzle. It indicates how many feet the bullet travels in one second, providing a clear understanding of its speed and performance. FPS is a critical factor in determining a bullet’s accuracy, trajectory, and overall effectiveness, as faster projectiles tend to have flatter trajectories and greater potential for penetration.
Frangible: A frangible bullet is designed to break apart into small particles upon impact, minimizing penetration and reducing the risk of ricochets or over-penetration. This design enhances safety, particularly in training environments or close-quarter scenarios, by preventing excessive damage or harm. Frangible ammunition is commonly used to limit the danger posed by rounds passing through the target, reducing the risk to bystanders or unintended targets. It also minimizes environmental impact by disintegrating upon impact. Examples include the Glaser Safety Slug and breaching rounds, which are specifically crafted to disintegrate upon hitting hard surfaces, ensuring controlled and predictable performance.
Free Gun: A free gun refers to a General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG) that is not mounted on a fixed weapon mount but instead is secured using a bungee or sling, allowing the operator, such as a door gunner, more freedom of movement. This setup provides flexibility, enabling the operator to adjust their position and aim quickly, which is especially useful in dynamic environments such as aerial operations or fast-moving ground situations.
Frizzen: The frizzen is an L-shaped steel component hinged at the rear of a flintlock firearm. When the trigger is pulled, the flint strikes the frizzen, causing it to pivot and scrape against the flint. This action produces a shower of sparks, which ignites the priming powder in the flash pan, ultimately firing the weapon. The frizzen plays a crucial role in the ignition system of flintlock firearms, allowing them to function reliably.
Front Sight: The front sight is located at the muzzle end of the barrel, typically in the form of a dot, post, or blade. For optimal accuracy, the shooter should focus intently on the front sight while shooting, allowing both the rear sight and the target to naturally blur. This focus ensures proper sight alignment and helps achieve the greatest degree of precision when firing. Also see Rear Sight.
Front Strap: The front strap is the textured or smooth surface located on the forward part of a handgun’s grip, typically where the shooter’s fingers make contact during handling. It plays a crucial role in providing a secure and controlled grip, contributing to the firearm’s stability and accuracy. The design of the front strap, often checkered or ribbed, helps prevent slippage, especially under recoil, ensuring the shooter maintains proper control during firing.
Full Metal Jacket (FMJ): A Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) bullet features a soft lead core encased in a harder metal shell, commonly copper. This design ensures the bullet maintains its shape upon impact, improving penetration and reducing barrel fouling compared to non-jacketed projectiles. The metal jacket also helps minimize the risk of lead buildup in the barrel, contributing to greater reliability and performance, especially in rapid or extended shooting sessions. FMJ rounds are commonly used for target practice and military applications due to their consistent behavior and predictable trajectory.
Furniture: In firearms, “furniture” refers to the components of the weapon that provide structural support and handling, including the buttstock, forearm (handguard), and pistol grip. These parts are typically made from materials like wood, plastic, or polymer, and are designed to enhance the shooter’s comfort, control, and overall handling of the firearm. Furniture also plays a role in reducing recoil and providing stability during firing.

G

GAP (Glock Automatic Pistol): GAP refers to the .45 Glock Automatic Pistol cartridge, a .45 caliber round introduced by Glock. It was designed to be shorter than the widely used .45 ACP, allowing it to be used in a more compact pistol frame while maintaining similar power and performance. The .45 GAP offers a balance between the larger .45 ACP and more compact designs, making it a preferred choice for shooters looking for a high-caliber round with reduced overall pistol size. Despite its advantages, the .45 GAP has not gained as much widespread adoption as the .45 ACP.
Garand: The Garand, also known as the M1 Garand, was the first semi-automatic rifle adopted by the U.S. military. Chambered in .30-06 Springfield, it gained widespread recognition for its reliability, accuracy, and powerful performance. Famously used during World War II and the Korean War, the Garand’s robust design and distinctive “ping” sound when the clip was ejected made it an iconic weapon in American military history. Its semi-automatic action was a significant advancement over previous bolt-action rifles, contributing to its effectiveness in combat.
Gas Bleed: A gas bleed is a component used in firearms for different purposes, typically to regulate the flow of gas during operation. In bolt-action rifles, it can be used to prevent ruptured cartridges by venting excess pressure. In gas-operated firearms, it often refers to a small hole located on the barrel or gas block, which allows gas from the fired cartridge to escape. This gas is directed to push a gas piston, which in turn unlocks the bolt, enabling the firearm to cycle and chamber the next round. Gas bleed systems help ensure reliable function while preventing damage to the firearm.
Gas Block: The gas block is a critical component in gas-operated firearms, particularly in systems like the direct impingement AR-15. It regulates the flow of gas from the barrel to cycle the firearm’s action, playing a significant role in controlling recoil, ensuring reliability, and influencing compatibility with suppressors or specific ammunition types. By adjusting the gas flow, the gas block can fine-tune the firearm’s performance, optimizing it for various shooting conditions, load types, or suppression setups.
Gas Check: A gas check is a metal cup or collar used at the base of a non-jacketed bullet, typically in high-pressure cartridges, to prevent lead buildup in the firearm’s barrel. This device helps maintain accuracy by protecting the bullet from excessive deformation during firing and minimizing the amount of lead fouling, which can affect performance. Gas checks are commonly used in cast lead bullets and are particularly beneficial for improving the longevity and efficiency of the barrel in high-velocity or high-pressure applications.
Gas Port: A gas port is a small hole located in the barrel of an AR-15 (and similar firearms) that allows gas from the fired round to be diverted into the gas system. This gas is used to cycle the action, driving the piston or directly impinging on the bolt carrier group to eject the spent casing and chamber a new round. The gas port plays a crucial role in the reliable operation of both semi-automatic and automatic fire modes, ensuring consistent cycling of the firearm during sustained use. Proper gas port design is vital for the firearm’s performance, particularly in relation to reliability and gas pressure management.
Gas Tube: The gas tube is a key component in the direct impingement system of an AR-15, responsible for directing the gas from the gas block to the bolt carrier group. This flow of gas powers the cycling of the firearm, enabling the ejection of spent casings and the chambering of a new round. The gas tube plays an essential role in the efficient operation of the firearm, ensuring reliable semi-automatic or automatic cycling. Its length, placement, and construction are critical for the overall function and performance of the firearm, particularly when paired with suppressors or specific ammunition types.
Gas-Operated Reloading: This is a firearm operating system that utilizes the gas generated from the firing of a round to cycle the action and reload the firearm. In this system, gas is diverted from the barrel, usually through a gas port, to drive a piston or directly impinge on the bolt carrier group. This action ejects the spent casing and chambers a new round, enabling the firearm to automatically reload and continue firing without manual intervention. Gas-operated systems are commonly found in semi-automatic and automatic firearms, offering reliable operation and efficient cycling, especially in military and tactical firearms.

Gatling gun in 9mm – a multi-barrel, mechanically operated firearm chambered in 9mm, capable of rapid fire through rotating barrels, typically used in military or specialized applications

Gatling Gun – 9MM Crank

Gatling Gun: The Gatling gun is a manually operated, multi-barrel cannon invented by Richard Gatling in the 19th century. It uses a hand-crank mechanism to rotate multiple barrels, allowing for rapid, continuous fire. The design was revolutionary at the time, significantly increasing the rate of fire compared to single-barrel firearms. In modern terminology, the term “Gatling gun” is often used to describe rotary machine guns, which operate on a similar principle, utilizing multiple rotating barrels to achieve high rates of fire. The Gatling gun’s legacy persists in modern automatic weaponry, influencing the development of rapid-fire firearms used by military forces today. Contact us for more information.
Gauge: The gauge of a firearm is a unit of measurement used to describe the diameter of the barrel, specifically for shotguns. It refers to the number of lead balls of a particular diameter that, when weighed together, total one pound. For example, a 12-gauge shotgun means that 12 lead balls, each matching the diameter of the bore, would collectively weigh one pound. The lower the gauge number, the larger the bore size. This system contrasts with caliber measurements used for handguns and rifles, but like calibers, gauge refers to the internal diameter of the firearm’s bore. The gauge measurement is most commonly used to denote the bore size in shotguns, affecting ammunition selection and performance.
General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG): A General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG) is a versatile, man-portable machine gun designed to serve as both a light machine gun and a medium machine gun. It is intended to fulfill multiple roles on the battlefield, providing flexibility for different combat scenarios. The GPMG is typically capable of being deployed in a variety of configurations, including mounted on a tripod, vehicle, or used in a more mobile, infantry-based setup, offering sustained firepower while remaining portable enough for soldiers to carry and operate effectively.
Glock: refers to a series of semi-automatic, short recoil-operated pistols designed and manufactured by the Austrian company Glock Ges.m.b.H. While the term is often used incorrectly as slang for any handgun, it specifically refers to the pistols produced by Glock.
Grain (gr): The grain is a unit of mass used extensively in the firearms industry to measure the weight of bullets, powder, and other small components. Traditionally based on the mass of a single grain of wheat or barley, the grain (gr) has been redefined since 1958 as precisely 64.79891 milligrams (mg) by the International System of Units (SI). There are 7,000 grains in a pound, consistent with both the Imperial and U.S. customary systems. In firearms, the grain measurement is crucial for determining the appropriate weight of ammunition, affecting factors such as velocity, trajectory, and overall performance of the round. For example, bullets commonly range from 40 grains (for small caliber rounds) to over 700 grains (for large caliber or specialty ammunition). Understanding grain weight helps shooters select the right ammunition for their firearm, ensuring optimal accuracy, power, and reliability.
Grip Safety: A grip safety is a safety feature typically found on handguns, designed to prevent accidental discharge. It is usually a lever or button located on the rear of the pistol grip. When the shooter firmly grasps the firearm, the grip safety is engaged, allowing the trigger mechanism to unlock and the firearm to fire. If the grip safety is not depressed—such as when the shooter’s hand is not properly positioned—the firearm will not discharge, providing an additional layer of safety to prevent unintentional firing.
Grip: The grip of a firearm refers to the portion that a shooter holds, providing control and stability. For handguns, it is the handle or frame, often featuring textured side panels or ergonomic contours to enhance comfort and control. On rifles or shotguns, the grip may refer to the stock or foregrip, which helps the shooter maintain a firm hold while aiming or firing. The design and material of the grip play a significant role in improving accuracy, reducing recoil fatigue, and ensuring proper handling, with options ranging from rubberized surfaces to custom grips tailored to individual preferences.
Group: In shooting terminology, a “group” refers to the pattern formed by the impacts of multiple bullets on a target, typically used to assess the accuracy and consistency of a shooter and firearm combination. The size and shape of the group can be influenced by various factors, including the shooter’s skill, the precision of the firearm, and the quality of the ammunition. Smaller, tighter groups typically indicate better accuracy, while larger groups may suggest room for improvement in technique, equipment, or ammunition.
Gun Serial Number: A gun serial number is a unique identifier assigned to a specific firearm by the manufacturer. This number is used for tracking purposes, enabling the identification of the firearm throughout its lifecycle, from manufacture to ownership. It helps in record-keeping, ownership verification, and is essential for law enforcement in cases of theft, crime investigation, or tracing firearms involved in legal matters.
Gun: While the term “gun” is often restricted in British usage to refer specifically to shotguns, in broader contexts, it properly applies to a wide range of firearms, including rifles, shotguns, handguns, and air guns. Additionally, the term can be used to describe larger artillery pieces such as cannons. In this more inclusive sense, “gun” refers to any portable or mounted firearm designed to discharge projectiles. The term encompasses a variety of weaponry, from small arms to larger caliber artillery, depending on its use and design.
Gunpowder (Black Powder): Gunpowder, traditionally known as black powder, is a combustible mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. When ignited, it burns rapidly, producing a high volume of hot gases—primarily carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen—and leaves behind a solid residue of potassium sulfide. Due to its ability to generate large amounts of gas and heat, gunpowder has been historically used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. In modern firearms, traditional black powder is no longer used. Instead, smokeless powder—such as guncotton or nitrocellulose-based powders—has replaced it. Smokeless powder produces significantly less smoke, burns more efficiently, and generates higher pressures, making it more suitable for modern ammunition. The term “gunpowder” is now often used to refer to smokeless powder or other modern propellants, which rapidly oxidize when ignited by a primer. The resulting expanding gases propel the bullet down the barrel toward the target with greater speed and efficiency.
Gunsmithing: This is the specialized craft of repairing, modifying, customizing, and maintaining firearms to ensure optimal performance, safety, and reliability. Skilled gunsmiths perform a wide range of tasks, including barrel threading, trigger adjustments, stock refinishing, and the creation of custom firearm builds tailored to the needs of individual owners. This profession requires a deep understanding of firearm mechanics, materials, and techniques, allowing gunsmiths to enhance, restore, or repair firearms for both functionality and aesthetic appeal.

H

Half Cock: This refers to a position of the hammer where it is partially but not fully cocked. This position is typically found in older firearms, where a notch is cut into the hammer to prevent the firearm from firing. It ensures that the hammer-mounted firing pin does not rest on a live percussion cap or cartridge. The half-cock position serves dual purposes: it acts as a safety mechanism to prevent accidental discharge and is often used during the loading process, providing an added layer of security for the shooter.
Hammer bite: Hammer bite occurs when the external hammer of a firearm strikes or pinches the web of the shooter’s hand, typically between the thumb and forefinger, during firing. This can lead to discomfort, injury, or a loss of control. Some handguns, especially those with exposed external hammers, are more prone to this issue. Other firearms, such as older revolvers with exposed hammers, may also experience hammer bite. This issue can be mitigated by employing proper grip techniques, using protective beavertail safeties, or modifying the hammer design to prevent contact with the hand.
Hammer Block: A hammer block is a safety mechanism designed to prevent accidental discharge by physically blocking the hammer from making contact with the firing pin, except when the trigger is deliberately pulled. This safety feature ensures that the hammer cannot strike the firing pin unless the firearm is intentionally fired, reducing the risk of unintentional or premature ignition. Hammer blocks are commonly found in revolvers and some handguns, providing an added layer of security to the firearm’s operation.
Hammer Spur: The hammer spur is the protruding extension on an exposed hammer, designed to provide a surface for the shooter to manually cock the hammer. It allows for easier operation of the firearm, enabling the user to engage or disengage the hammer more efficiently, especially on single-action revolvers or pistols. The hammer spur enhances control and precision when preparing the firearm for a shot, particularly in situations requiring deliberate, controlled firing.
Hammer: The hammer is a metal component in a firearm that delivers a strike to either the firing pin or percussion cap, initiating the ignition of the propellant to discharge the bullet. It is a critical part of the firing mechanism, responsible for transferring the energy generated by pulling the trigger into the action that fires the round. Depending on the firearm design, the hammer may operate through a traditional hammer-fired mechanism or be part of a striker-fired system.
Hammerless: This refers to firearms, typically revolvers, that feature a concealed or internal hammer. This design eliminates the protruding hammer, reducing the risk of snagging on clothing when drawing the firearm from a concealed holster. Hammerless revolvers are commonly used for concealed carry, offering a smoother and more discreet profile.
Handgun: A compact, portable firearm designed for one-handed operation, making it ideal for personal defense, law enforcement, and recreational shooting. Handguns come in various calibers and designs, including revolvers and semi-automatics, offering versatility in use. Due to their size and ease of concealment, they are often favored for self-defense and carry purposes, though they also require proper training for safe and effective operation.
Hang fire: This refers to an unexpected delay between the pulling of the trigger and the ignition of the propellant in a firearm. This malfunction was more common in older firearm designs that used open primer pans, often due to inconsistent or poor-quality powder. While rare in modern firearms, hang fires can still occur, particularly if ammunition has been exposed to storage conditions outside of the manufacturer’s recommended specifications, such as excessive moisture or extreme temperatures.
Hardball: “Hardball” is a slang term commonly used to refer to a Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) bullet, typically one with a round nose. While it is most often associated with .45 ACP ammunition, the term can also apply to FMJ bullets in other calibers. In casual conversation, “hardball” highlights the bullet’s robust, non-expanding design, which is intended to maintain its shape and penetrate targets with minimal deformation. The term is often used in military or law enforcement contexts but can also be heard in civilian shooting circles.
Headspace: Headspace refers to the precise distance between a firearm’s breech face (the part of the chamber that stops the forward motion of the cartridge) and the shoulder or base of the cartridge when it is fully chambered. It is critical for ensuring proper cartridge positioning for safe and reliable operation. If the headspace is incorrect, it can lead to malfunctions, misfires, or dangerous pressure issues during firing. In its verb form, ‘headspacing’ describes the process by which the chamber and cartridge interact to achieve this precise alignment. Proper headspacing is essential to prevent functional issues and ensure the firearm operates as intended.
Headstamp: A headstamp refers to the markings found on the base of a cartridge case, typically indicating the manufacturer and other relevant details. For civilian cartridges, the headstamp often includes the caliber, while military cartridges may feature additional information such as the year of manufacture, the manufacturer’s code, or specific military markings. These markings help identify the origin and specifications of the cartridge, aiding in both firearm operation and ammunition tracking.
Heavy Machine Gun: A type of machine gun designed to fire large-caliber rifle cartridges, significantly larger than those used in medium or light machine guns. Heavy machine guns typically fire powerful rounds, such as the .50 BMG or 12.7×108mm, providing enhanced range, accuracy, and stopping power. These weapons are often used in military applications for their ability to engage armored targets, provide sustained fire support, and offer long-range capabilities.
High Brass: A type of shotgun shell designed for more powerful loads, characterized by a taller brass casing that extends further up the side of the shell. While the brass itself doesn’t significantly affect the strength or performance of the shell, the higher brass serves as a visual cue, allowing shooters to quickly distinguish between higher-powered loads (high brass) and lower-powered loads (low brass). This distinction helps shooters identify the appropriate ammunition for specific needs.
High-Capacity Magazine: A high-capacity magazine is an informal, non-technical term used to describe a magazine that holds more rounds than what is typically considered standard or average for a given firearm. While the definition of “high-capacity” can vary depending on the specific firearm and jurisdiction, it generally refers to magazines capable of holding more than 10-15 rounds, with many firearms designed to accommodate such magazines for extended shooting sessions without frequent reloading. The term is often used in discussions around firearms regulation and is sometimes misunderstood or misrepresented due to its vague, subjective nature.
Hollow Point (HP): Hollow point (HP) ammunition features bullets with a specially designed, hollowed-out tip that expands upon impact. This expansion increases the surface area of the bullet, delivering maximum stopping power while minimizing over-penetration. Hollow point rounds are commonly used in self-defense and hunting, as they provide controlled penetration, creating a larger wound channel and enhancing the bullet’s effectiveness in neutralizing threats or harvesting game.
Holographic Weapon Sight: A non-magnifying sight that projects a reticle image onto a glass optical window, allowing the user to see the crosshair superimposed onto their field of view. The reticle is created as a hologram within the window itself and is illuminated by a laser diode, offering exceptional clarity and brightness. This technology allows for rapid target acquisition, as the reticle remains in place regardless of eye position, head movement, or the shooter’s stance. Unlike traditional sights, which require perfect alignment, the holographic sight enables quick aiming, making it especially effective for close-range engagements. These sights are popular in tactical and competitive shooting environments due to their reliability, accuracy, and ease of use under various lighting conditions.

I

Improved Cartridge: A specialized wildcat cartridge designed by modifying an existing case to enhance performance. This is achieved by straightening the case walls and increasing the shoulder angle, which maximizes powder capacity and efficiency. In many cases, the neck length and shoulder position are also adjusted to optimize ballistics. Importantly, the caliber remains unchanged in this process.
Improvised Firearm: A makeshift or homemade firearm constructed by individuals who are not regular firearms manufacturers. These firearms are often created using readily available materials and basic tools, typically in regions with strict gun control, during conflicts, or as part of insurgencies. While some improvised firearms are crude and unreliable, others can be surprisingly effective, demonstrating ingenuity in design and function.
IMR Powder (Improved Military Rifle): A series of tubular nitrocellulose smokeless powders developed between World War I and World War II for military and commercial ammunition. Originally designed to meet the demands of wartime production, IMR powders were later made available to civilian shooters for reloading rifle ammunition. Known for their consistency, burn rate control, and reliability, these powders remain a popular choice among hunters, target shooters, and precision reloaders.
Integral Suppressor: A sound suppression system permanently incorporated into a firearm’s barrel, designed to provide superior noise reduction, improved balance, and a more compact, streamlined profile compared to detachable suppressors. By integrating the suppressor into the barrel, these systems can optimize gas expansion and reduce muzzle report more effectively while maintaining the firearm’s overall handling characteristics.
Internal Ballistics: A subfield of ballistics that examines the behavior of a projectile from the moment its propellant is ignited until it exits the firearm’s barrel. This includes the ignition process, pressure buildup, gas expansion, and the projectile’s acceleration. Understanding internal ballistics is crucial for firearm designers, manufacturers, and users across all disciplines, from precision small-bore Olympic rifles and handguns to advanced military artillery systems. Factors such as chamber pressure, barrel length, rifling, and propellant composition play a significant role in performance, accuracy, and reliability.
Iron Sights: A non-optical aiming system used on firearms, crossbows, and other sighting devices, consisting of aligned markers to aid in aiming. Typically made of metal or durable polymer, iron sights have two main components: a rear sight, mounted perpendicular to the line of sight, featuring either a notch (open sight) or an aperture (closed sight); and a front sight, which may take the form of a post, bead, or ring. Known for their reliability and simplicity, iron sights function without the need for magnified optics or electronics, making them a dependable choice for shooters.
Isosceles Stance: The isosceles stance is a popular shooting position where the shooter extends both arms fully forward, creating an isosceles triangle with the arms and chest. This balanced, symmetrical stance provides stability, minimizes recoil, and allows for quick target acquisition and accuracy.
IWB (Inside the Waistband): Inside the waistband (IWB) is a holster style worn inside the waistband of a person’s pants, with the firearm positioned between the body and the waistband of the trousers. This concealed carry method is preferred for its ability to provide better concealment, as it keeps the gun snug against the body, making it harder to detect under clothing. IWB holsters are versatile, offering both comfort and quick access to the firearm while maintaining a low profile. They are commonly used for everyday carry (EDC) because of their balance between concealability and accessibility, allowing the wearer to discreetly carry a firearm throughout the day without sacrificing ease of use.

J

Jacket: A jacket is a layer of metal, typically copper, that encases a lead core to form a bullet. The metal jacket helps protect the lead from deformation upon impact, enhances the bullet’s performance by reducing barrel fouling, and can influence its expansion or penetration characteristics depending on the design.
Jacketed Bullet: A projectile encased in a harder metal shell, typically copper or a copper alloy, surrounding a softer lead core. This design enhances bullet performance by reducing barrel fouling, improving penetration, and maintaining structural integrity upon impact. Jacketed bullets are commonly used in military, law enforcement, and civilian applications, offering greater velocity, accuracy, and reliability compared to unjacketed lead bullets.
Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP): A Jacketed Hollow Point (JHP) bullet combines a metal jacket with a hollowed-out tip, engineered to expand upon impact. This expansion creates a larger wound channel, enhancing stopping power while minimizing the risk of over-penetration. JHP bullets are widely favored for self-defense and hunting due to their ability to deliver controlled energy transfer, making them highly effective in stopping threats while preserving safety in populated areas.
Jacketed Soft Point (JSP): A Jacketed Soft Point (JSP) bullet features a soft lead tip exposed at the nose, with the remainder of the projectile encased in a harder metal jacket. This design allows for controlled expansion upon impact, ensuring a balance between deep penetration and effective stopping power. JSP bullets are favored for their ability to retain energy while expanding reliably, making them a versatile choice for hunting and self-defense, where both penetration and controlled damage are critical.
Jam: A jam is a type of firearm malfunction where a cartridge fails to load or feed properly into the chamber. This issue requires intervention from the user, such as clearing the obstruction or correcting the feed, to restore the firearm to proper functioning. Jams can occur for various reasons, including misaligned or dirty components, and resolving them promptly is essential for maintaining reliability and safety.
Jeweling: Jeweling is a decorative process used to enhance the appearance of firearm parts, such as the bolt, by creating a distinctive, circular pattern on the metal’s surface. This effect is achieved using an abrasive brush and compound to polish the surface. While primarily aesthetic, jeweling also serves functional purposes, such as reducing glare on components like the barrel and helping retain lubricants on key parts, improving performance and longevity. Visit our Custom Creations division of Max Tactical Firearms, LLC for expert engraving and to add a personalized touch to your firearm.
J-Frame: The J-Frame is a small-frame revolver model produced by Smith & Wesson, typically known for its compact size and lightweight design. It is most commonly chambered for 5 rounds, with the barrel length often around 2 inches. Due to its reduced size, the J-Frame is popular as a concealed carry weapon, offering portability and ease of use without sacrificing reliability. Despite its small dimensions, it is designed to deliver solid performance and is favored for personal defense and backup applications. Also see K & L Frame.

K

Keyholing or Keyhole Effect: Keyholing refers to the phenomenon where a bullet tumbles end-over-end in flight, often leaving an elongated, keyhole-shaped hole in a target. This occurs when the bullet is insufficiently stabilized by the firearm’s rifling, typically due to a mismatch between the bullet’s size and the rifling’s twist rate or length. A bullet that is too long, tail-heavy, or undersized for the barrel may wobble, causing it to tumble upon encountering air resistance. In wounding, keyholing can occur when a bullet penetrates soft tissue, stabilizing for air but losing stability when hitting denser materials like bone or flesh. This tumbling inside the body results in severe, irregular damage. Keyholing can also happen when the bullet, though sufficiently stabilized in free flight, encounters obstacles such as twigs, leaves, or even raindrops, which can disrupt its trajectory and cause it to tumble.
KeyMod: KeyMod is a lightweight, modular rail system for firearms, designed to provide a secure and customizable platform for attaching accessories such as grips, lights, and bipods. Its keyhole-shaped slots allow for easy and quick attachment or removal of accessories, offering flexibility and versatility for users to configure their setup according to specific needs. The system ensures a secure fit while maintaining a streamlined, low-profile design for improved performance and comfort.
K-Frame: The K-Frame is a mid-sized revolver frame produced by Smith & Wesson, designed to strike a balance between size, weight, and durability. Known for its versatility, the K-Frame can accommodate a variety of calibers, typically ranging from .38 Special to .357 Magnum. This frame size is favored for both law enforcement use and civilian self-defense, offering reliable performance in a more manageable form compared to larger revolvers. The K-Frame is prized for its robustness, accuracy, and comfortable handling, making it a popular choice among shooters for a wide range of applications. Also see J & L Frame.
Khyber Pass Copy: A Khyber Pass copy refers to a firearm produced by local gunsmiths in the Khyber Pass region, which lies between Pakistan and Afghanistan. These firearms are often handmade using available materials and are known for their distinctive, utilitarian design. While not manufactured to factory standards, Khyber Pass copies are typically modeled after well-known firearms, showcasing the skill of local artisans in crafting functional weapons under resource-constrained conditions.
Kick: “Kick” refers to the recoil or backward momentum experienced when a firearm is discharged. It describes the force that pushes the firearm backward, often felt as a sharp or powerful jolt by the shooter. The intensity of the kick varies depending on the caliber, weight of the firearm, and type of ammunition, and can influence the shooter’s control and accuracy during firing.

L

Laser Grip: A laser grip is an aftermarket firearm accessory that integrates a pressure-activated laser sight into the grip of the weapon. This design allows the shooter to quickly and accurately identify the point of impact, even in low-light conditions or when the gun’s traditional sights are not visible. The laser is activated by gripping the firearm, ensuring rapid deployment without the need for additional controls. Laser grips enhance targeting precision, making them ideal for self-defense, concealed carry, and tactical situations where speed and accuracy are critical.
Laser Sight: A laser sight is an attachment that projects a visible laser beam onto a target, providing a visual point of aim. It enhances accuracy by offering the shooter a precise reference for where the shot will likely land, especially in low-light conditions or for quick target acquisition. While it does not guarantee pinpoint accuracy, it significantly aids in improving shooting performance by aligning the shooter’s sight with the target.
Laser: In the context of firearms, a laser is an auxiliary sighting device that projects a visible beam onto the target, allowing the shooter to quickly and accurately determine where the firearm is aimed. This is especially useful in low-light conditions or situations where traditional sights may be difficult to align. Lasers can be mounted in various locations, such as on the firearm’s accessory rails near the front, or integrated directly into the gun itself, often as part of the guide rod. Laser sights offer enhanced targeting precision and can improve accuracy in both defensive and tactical shooting scenarios.
LE (Law Enforcement): “LE” is an abbreviation commonly used to refer to law enforcement, encompassing police officers, sheriffs, federal agents, and other authorized personnel tasked with maintaining public safety, enforcing laws, and protecting communities. It can also be used to describe equipment, training, or tactics specifically designed for use by law enforcement agencies in their professional duties.
LEA (Law Enforcement Agency): “LEA” stands for Law Enforcement Agency, referring to any organization or governmental body responsible for enforcing laws, maintaining public order, and ensuring community safety. This term encompasses a wide range of agencies at the local, state, and federal levels, including police departments, sheriff’s offices, federal bureaus, and specialized investigative units, all working to uphold the rule of law and protect citizens.
Leading: Leading is the technique of aiming a firearm ahead of a moving target to compensate for the time it takes for the bullet to reach the target. By “leading” the target, the shooter anticipates its movement and adjusts the aim, ensuring the bullet strikes the target as it moves through the line of fire. This skill is crucial for hitting fast-moving targets, such as in shooting sports or hunting, where precision and timing are key.
Length of Pull: Length of pull refers to the distance from the trigger to the butt end of the shoulder stock on a rifle or shotgun. This measurement is essential for achieving proper fit, as it directly influences the shooter’s posture and comfort. A correctly adjusted length of pull ensures that the shooter can maintain a stable and natural shooting position, with the firearm properly aligned to the body. An incorrect length of pull can lead to improper stance, reduced accuracy, and difficulty managing recoil. Whether for accuracy, recoil control, or overall comfort, selecting the right length of pull is vital for an effective and enjoyable shooting experience. Many firearms allow for adjustable stocks, giving shooters the flexibility to tailor this measurement for their specific body size and shooting style.
LEO (Law Enforcement Officer): “LEO” stands for Law Enforcement Officer, referring to individuals who are employed by a law enforcement agency and are tasked with upholding the law, protecting the public, and maintaining order. This term encompasses a wide range of positions, including police officers, sheriffs, deputies, detectives, and federal agents, all of whom are responsible for ensuring public safety, investigating crimes, and enforcing legal statutes at various levels of government.
Lethal Force (Deadly Force): Lethal force, also known as deadly force, refers to the level of force used in a situation that is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm. It is typically employed when there is an imminent threat to life or when no other means of protection are available. The use of lethal force is often governed by strict legal standards, permitting its application only in situations of self-defense or defense of others when the threat is severe and unavoidable.

Lever-action rifle – a repeating firearm that uses a lever mechanism to load cartridges, chamber a round, and eject spent shells, known for its reliability and fast cycling

Lever Action Rifles – Marlin Firearms

Lever-Action: A lever-action firearm utilizes a lever, typically located near the trigger guard, to cycle the action, load a fresh cartridge into the chamber, and eject the spent casing. This iconic mechanism, known for its smooth operation and rapid cycling, is most famously associated with the Old West but remains popular for hunting, sport shooting, and collectible purposes. The shooter manually operates the lever to extract the spent round and load a new one, making it distinct from semi-automatic actions. Lever-action rifles are valued for their reliability, speed, and nostalgic appeal, offering a classic shooting experience. Browning, Chiappa Firearms, Cimarron, Citadel, GForce Arms, Henry Repeating Arms, Heritage Manufacturing Inc, Legacy Sports International, Marlin, Patriot Ordnance Factory (POF USA), Rock Island Armory, Rossi, Savage Arms, Smith & Wesson, Taylor’s & Company.
L-Frame: The L-Frame is a large-frame revolver design by Smith & Wesson, engineered for durability and heavy-duty performance. Typically chambered for higher-caliber rounds such as .357 Magnum, the L-Frame is known for its robust construction, capable of withstanding repeated firing of powerful ammunition. It is favored by both law enforcement and civilian shooters for its reliability, accuracy, and ability to handle more demanding shooting conditions. The L-Frame combines the strength of a larger revolver with the balance and handling characteristics of a mid-sized gun, making it versatile for various applications, including personal defense, duty use, and recreational shooting. Also see J & K Frame.
Light Double Action (LDA): The Light Double Action (LDA) is a type of double-action semi-automatic firearm specifically engineered to offer a significantly lighter trigger pull compared to traditional double-action mechanisms. This design allows for smoother, more precise trigger control while maintaining the benefits of double-action operation. The LDA system reduces trigger resistance, providing shooters with a more comfortable shooting experience without sacrificing reliability or safety.
Light Machine Gun (LMG): A light machine gun (LMG) is a type of machine gun designed to be carried and operated by a single soldier. It typically fires the same intermediate-power cartridge used by other infantry in a unit, providing a balance between firepower and portability. LMGs are valued for their ability to deliver sustained suppressive fire while remaining lightweight enough for individual use. Unlike heavier, crew-served machine guns, light machine guns are designed for mobility and flexibility, making them ideal for squad-level support in both offensive and defensive operations.
Line of Sight: Line of sight refers to the straight, unobstructed path between an observer’s eye and a specific object or point. It is a fundamental concept in many fields, including optics, navigation, communication, and shooting. In optics, it ensures that there is a direct visual connection between the observer and the target, essential for accurate aiming and observation. In communication, line of sight is crucial for radio waves, ensuring clear transmission without interference from obstacles. In navigation, it refers to the ability to directly view landmarks or points of reference. In firearms, line of sight is critical for accuracy, as it defines the alignment between the shooter, the sights, and the target. Ensuring a clear line of sight allows for precision, whether for visual clarity, signal transmission, or target engagement. Factors like terrain, obstructions, and even weather conditions can affect line of sight, influencing visibility and performance in various applications.
Live Fire Exercise (LFX): A Live Fire Exercise (LFX) is a training event that simulates realistic scenarios for the use of specific equipment, typically involving the discharge of live ammunition. While the term is most commonly associated with military training, where it applies to tests of weapons or weapon systems within a branch of a nation’s armed forces, it can also be used in civilian contexts. LFXs are designed to provide participants with hands-on experience in realistic conditions, improving their proficiency in operating firearms, managing weapon systems, and responding to tactical situations. These exercises are crucial for enhancing skills, evaluating equipment performance, and ensuring safety under live-fire conditions.
LLEA (Local Law Enforcement Agency): LLEA stands for Local Law Enforcement Agency, referring to law enforcement organizations operating at the municipal or county level. These agencies are responsible for maintaining public order, enforcing laws, and ensuring community safety within a specific geographic area, such as a city or county. Local law enforcement agencies include police departments, sheriff’s offices, and other agencies focused on addressing crimes, emergencies, and civil disturbances within their jurisdiction.
Lock: The lock is the mechanism in a firearm responsible for initiating the ignition of the propellant and propelling the projectile down the barrel. It typically consists of several components, including the firing pin, hammer, or striker, which work together to strike the primer of a cartridge, igniting the powder and creating the explosive force that drives the bullet forward. In modern firearms, the lock mechanism may include a variety of firing systems, such as single-action, double-action, or striker-fired designs, each offering different methods of engagement. The lock is a critical component of a firearm’s operation, ensuring that the weapon functions reliably and safely. Proper maintenance of the lock mechanism is essential for consistent performance, as any malfunction can result in misfires or unsafe operation.
Long Gun: A long gun is a type of firearm characterized by its extended barrel, such as a rifle or shotgun, designed to be fired from the shoulder for improved accuracy and greater range compared to handguns. The longer barrel allows for higher velocity and more controlled shots, making long guns ideal for hunting, sport shooting, and tactical applications. Rifles typically have rifled barrels that impart spin on the bullet, ensuring stability and precision at longer distances, while shotguns utilize smooth barrels to fire a spread of pellets for short to medium-range targets. Long guns are favored for their increased power, accuracy, and versatility, and their design generally offers greater stability when aiming, which is critical for precise shooting. While handguns are more portable, long guns excel in situations where accuracy and range are paramount. Their use is common in various fields, from hunting to law enforcement and military operations.
Lower Build Kit: A lower build kit is a collection of essential components needed to complete a stripped AR-15 lower receiver. These kits typically include a lower parts kit, which contains small internal components like the trigger, hammer, safety selector, and pins; a pistol grip; a receiver extension (also known as the buffer tube); and a buttstock. Together, these parts allow for the assembly of the lower receiver, which is a critical part of the firearm. In addition to the basic components, some lower build kits may include enhanced or specialty parts such as ambidextrous safeties, upgraded triggers, or collapsible stocks. The receiver extension (buffer tube) houses the buffer spring and buffer, which are vital for the proper cycling of the firearm when the upper receiver is engaged. The buttstock, which attaches to the rear of the lower receiver, can vary in design, offering options for fixed, adjustable, or collapsible configurations, depending on the shooter’s preferences and intended use. Lower build kits offer firearm builders a streamlined way to assemble an AR-15, as they provide all necessary components in one package, saving time and ensuring compatibility. These kits are often used by both enthusiasts building custom rifles and those looking to replace or upgrade parts on existing firearms.
Lower Parts Kit: A lower parts kit (LPK) contains all the essential small components required to make a stripped AR-15 lower receiver fully functional, except for the pistol grip, stock, receiver extension (buffer tube), buffer spring, and buffer. These kits are designed to provide the critical internal parts needed to assemble the lower receiver, which is a key component in building or refurbishing an AR-15. Typically, a lower parts kit includes components such as the trigger, hammer, trigger and hammer pins, safety selector, selector detent, bolt catch, bolt catch spring, magazine release, magazine release button, takedown pins, pivot pin, fire control group components, and the associated springs and detents. These parts are essential for the firearm’s basic operation, including the trigger mechanism, magazine release, and safety features. Some lower parts kits may include additional upgraded or enhanced parts, such as an upgraded trigger, extended bolt catch, or ambidextrous safety selector, providing a more custom feel and performance improvement over standard components. The lower parts kit is a key component for anyone looking to assemble a functional AR-15 from a stripped lower receiver, offering convenience and compatibility by consolidating all of the necessary small parts into one package. While the lower parts kit supplies the vital internal components, additional parts like the buffer tube, stock, and pistol grip must be purchased separately or as part of a complete lower build kit.
LPVO (Low Power Variable Optic): A LPVO (Low Power Variable Optic) is a type of rifle scope that offers variable magnification, typically ranging from 1x to approximately 6x or 10x, depending on the model. This versatility makes the LPVO highly adaptable, allowing shooters to quickly transition between close-quarters engagements and mid-range precision shooting. At its lowest magnification (usually 1x), the LPVO provides a wide field of view, making target acquisition fast and easy, even in dynamic, fast-moving situations. When magnified, the optic enhances precision, allowing for accurate shots at greater distances. LPVOs are particularly popular among tactical shooters, hunters, and competitive marksmen due to their adaptability in various environments. Whether engaging at close range in dense woods or taking precise shots at moderate distances, an LPVO offers a comprehensive solution for a wide range of scenarios. Some LPVOs also feature illuminated reticles, which enhance visibility in low-light conditions, and offer additional reticle options such as mil-dot or BDC (Bullet Drop Compensator) to aid in long-range shooting. These optics are often built with rugged, lightweight materials to withstand harsh conditions, making them ideal for use in tactical operations, 3-gun competitions, or hunting trips. The flexibility of an LPVO eliminates the need for multiple optics, making it a popular choice for those seeking a versatile and compact scope for their rifles.
LRN (Lead Round Nose): LRN stands for Lead Round Nose, a bullet design characterized by a soft lead core with a smooth, rounded tip. This design is commonly used for target practice and training due to its affordability and basic structure. While it offers reliable performance, the LRN bullet lacks the velocity and expansion features of more advanced designs, making it less effective for self-defense or hunting purposes. Its simple, non-jacketed construction makes it easy to manufacture but can lead to higher lead fouling in the barrel over time.
LSWC (Lead Semi-Wad Cutter): LSWC stands for Lead Semi-Wad Cutter, a bullet design known for its flat, squared-off nose. This design is commonly used for target shooting and is particularly effective for creating clean, easily visible holes in paper targets. The flat nose of the LSWC helps maintain accuracy while minimizing deformation upon impact. While it’s a popular choice for competition and practice, its performance for self-defense or hunting is limited due to the lack of expansion or penetration features found in other bullet designs. Additionally, like other lead projectiles, LSWC bullets can cause more fouling in the barrel over extended use.
LTC (License to Carry): LTC stands for License to Carry, a legal authorization that permits an individual to carry a concealed firearm. This license is typically issued by state or local authorities and requires the applicant to meet specific eligibility criteria, including background checks, training, and sometimes a demonstration of need. An LTC allows law-abiding citizens to carry concealed firearms for personal protection and self-defense in accordance with local laws and regulations.
Lug: A lug is a projecting component on a firearm designed to facilitate the attachment of accessories or to provide structural support. For example, barrel lugs are commonly used in break-action shotguns to secure the barrel to the receiver, ensuring proper alignment and stability during firing. In the context of revolvers, the term “lug” refers to a protruding section located beneath the barrel, often intended to add weight. This added weight helps stabilize the firearm during aiming, reducing muzzle flip, and mitigating recoil for more accurate shooting. Lugs can vary in design depending on the type of firearm. A full lug extends along the entire length of the barrel, providing maximum weight distribution for enhanced stability, especially on larger revolvers or rifles. A half lug, on the other hand, extends only partway down the barrel, offering a balance between weight reduction and recoil management. In swing-out-cylinder revolvers, the lug typically features a slot to accommodate the ejector rod, which is used to eject spent cartridges after firing. This slot allows for smooth operation of the ejector mechanism, enabling quicker and more efficient reloading. Lugs are essential components that contribute to the overall functionality, balance, and ergonomics of a firearm, enhancing both performance and handling.

M

M14: The M14 is a U.S. military battle rifle that was introduced in the late 1950s, chambered in the powerful 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge. Known for its rugged design and versatility, the M14 was capable of both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire, offering a balance of firepower and accuracy. It served as the standard-issue infantry rifle for the U.S. military from the early 1960s until it was replaced by the M16 in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to the M16’s lighter weight and suitability for close-quarters combat. Despite being phased out as the primary service rifle, the M14 has continued to serve in specialized roles, particularly in designated marksman positions, where its long-range accuracy and the high power of the 7.62x51mm cartridge give it a distinct advantage in precision shooting. Its accuracy, reliability, and range make it especially useful in scout sniper roles, machine gunner support, and even as a battle rifle in certain specialized military units. The M14 is also prized by civilian collectors and enthusiasts due to its historical significance and its status as one of the last U.S. military rifles chambered in a full-power, battle rifle caliber. In addition, modern versions of the M14, like the M1A produced by Springfield Armory, continue to be available to civilians for sporting, hunting, and precision shooting purposes. Though not widely used by front-line infantry today, the M14’s legacy endures due to its reliable performance in the field, accuracy at long range, and continued adaptation for modern roles in various armed forces around the world.
M1A: The M1A is a civilian version of the military’s M14 rifle, produced by Springfield Armory. Chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO (.308 Winchester), the M1A is renowned for its semi-automatic action, offering a balance of firepower and precision. Like its military counterpart, the M1A is praised for its rugged reliability, accuracy, and classic design, making it a favorite among marksmen, hunters, and competition shooters. Its gas-operated action and rotating bolt provide smooth cycling, while the heavy-duty, milled steel construction ensures durability under demanding conditions. The M1A’s chambering in 7.62 NATO/.308 Winchester gives it powerful long-range capabilities, ideal for target shooting, precision competitions, and hunting larger game. Its accuracy, combined with its historical lineage as a battle rifle, makes it a sought-after firearm for enthusiasts. The M1A features a classic walnut or synthetic stock design, reminiscent of the M14, contributing to its iconic military aesthetic. Though it does not have full-auto capability like the M14, its semi-automatic fire mode and ergonomic design make it highly effective for civilian use. In addition to recreational and sporting applications, the M1A is also used in precision long-range shooting, where its consistent accuracy and powerful cartridge give it an edge in competitions like National Matches. The rifle’s versatility and connection to U.S. military history contribute to its popularity in the civilian market, especially among collectors, enthusiasts, and civilian marksmen seeking a rifle that combines both classic design and modern performance.
Machine Gun: A machine gun is a fully automatic firearm capable of sustained, continuous fire with a single pull of the trigger. Unlike semi-automatic firearms, which fire one round per trigger pull, machine guns can fire multiple rounds continuously as long as the trigger is held down. They are typically chambered for higher-powered rounds and designed for use in military and law enforcement applications, although civilian variants exist under specific conditions. Machine guns are capable of sustained fire due to their design, which typically includes a gas-operated or recoil-operated mechanism that allows the firearm to automatically cycle the action after each shot. These firearms are generally mounted on tripods, vehicles, or used in handheld configurations, depending on the model and intended use. Machine guns are classified as fully automatic firearms under U.S. federal law, which imposes strict regulations on their ownership, sale, and transfer. Under the National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934, it is illegal for civilians to possess machine guns manufactured after May 19, 1986, unless they are registered under the NFA. Those who wish to legally own a machine gun manufactured before that date must undergo a lengthy background check, submit fingerprints, provide photographs, and pay a $200 tax stamp per firearm. Additionally, the owner must comply with all state and local regulations. At the federal level, machine guns are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and ownership is limited to those who pass background checks and meet the legal requirements outlined in the NFA. This includes the requirement for the weapon to be registered, with each transfer requiring prior approval from the ATF. On the local level, machine gun ownership laws can vary significantly. Some states have enacted more stringent regulations, prohibiting civilian ownership of machine guns outright. Other states have less restrictive laws, but the federal requirements for machine gun ownership still apply. It is essential for prospective owners to fully understand both state and local regulations in addition to federal law before attempting to purchase or possess a machine gun.
Machine Pistol: A machine pistol is a type of handgun designed to fire automatically, meaning it can discharge multiple rounds with a single pull of the trigger. Unlike traditional semi-automatic pistols, which require the trigger to be pulled for each shot, a machine pistol fires continuously as long as the trigger is held down, much like a submachine gun. These firearms are typically chambered for pistol calibers such as 9mm, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP, and are compact in design, making them suitable for close-quarters combat or concealed carry, though they can be difficult to control due to the high rate of fire. Machine pistols are often small, lightweight, and have a select-fire mechanism, allowing users to toggle between semi-automatic and fully automatic fire modes. The design of these weapons often incorporates features such as a high-capacity magazine, a recoil buffer, and a mechanism to manage the high rate of fire. Some machine pistols are capable of rapid fire but still retain the basic functionality of a standard pistol. The term “machine pistol” is sometimes used interchangeably with submachine gun, though there are distinctions between the two. A submachine gun is typically a larger firearm chambered for pistol rounds, designed to be used with a stock or other stabilizing components, allowing for more accurate sustained fire. Machine pistols, in contrast, are more compact and intended for one-handed operation or with limited two-handed support, making them easier to conceal but harder to control in automatic mode. While both are capable of automatic fire, submachine guns are often better suited for sustained engagements due to their longer barrels and additional control features.
Magazine Safety: Also known as a “magazine disconnector,” the magazine safety is a feature in some firearms that prevents the weapon from firing when the magazine is removed. This safety mechanism is designed to ensure the firearm cannot discharge without a magazine in place, typically as an additional safety measure to reduce the risk of accidental discharge. However, it’s important to note that magazine safeties are not always reliable and can sometimes fail to function as intended. Users should remain cautious and rely on other safety practices to ensure the firearm’s proper handling.
Magazine Well: The magazine well is the opening in a firearm’s frame or grip into which the box magazine is inserted. In semi-automatic handguns, the magazine well is typically located at the base of the grip, allowing the user to easily load the magazine into the firearm. On rifles, the magazine well is usually positioned ahead of the trigger guard, facilitating magazine insertion for quick reloading. The design and size of the magazine well can influence how easily and smoothly the magazine is inserted or removed, and can vary based on the firearm’s model and intended use.
Magazine: A magazine is a device used to store and feed ammunition into the chamber of a repeating firearm. Magazines can either be integral (fixed), meaning they are built into the firearm, or removable (detachable), allowing users to easily reload and swap out magazines. Magazines are critical components of modern firearms, enabling rapid and efficient feeding of cartridges into the chamber to sustain continuous fire, depending on the firearm’s action type. The magazine’s function is to hold the cartridges and feed them into position, where they can be loaded into the firearm’s chamber by the cycling action of the firearm (e.g., through the bolt or slide). This process is essential for the operation of semi-automatic, automatic, and bolt-action firearms, among others. While the word “magazine” is often confused with “clip,” these two are distinct. A clip is a device used to store and guide ammunition into a magazine but does not feed directly into the firearm. Clips are typically used to load internal magazines in some rifles, such as the M1 Garand, but a magazine itself is what feeds the rounds directly into the chamber. Additionally, some ammunition types, like Magnum rounds, are often associated with high-powered cartridges that provide superior range and stopping power. The term Magnum actually refers to larger, more powerful rounds, typically used in firearms designed for more significant impact and greater accuracy at longer ranges. Magazines come in a variety of sizes and capacities, ranging from small single-stack designs that hold just a few rounds to larger high-capacity models capable of holding 20, 30, or more rounds. The design and construction of a magazine—whether spring-loaded, detachable, or fixed—affect the overall performance, ease of use, and reliability of a firearm. Understanding the difference between a magazine and a clip is important for clarity in firearm terminology, as they play different roles in how ammunition is stored and fed into the firearm.
Magnum: The term Magnum is derived from the French word for extra-large wine bottles, which reflects the concept of extra power and capacity. In firearms terminology, Magnum rounds refer to high-powered ammunition designed to deliver greater velocity, energy, or a heavier projectile than standard cartridges of the same caliber. Magnum cartridges are typically known for their ability to achieve higher muzzle velocities and increased energy levels, making them effective for longer-range shooting, larger game hunting, or situations where stopping power is critical. These rounds often feature more powder or a heavier bullet compared to standard cartridges, allowing them to produce more force upon impact. Examples of Magnum rounds include the .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .338 Lapua Magnum. These rounds are popular in hunting, law enforcement, and military contexts, where superior power and accuracy are needed. Due to the increase in power, Magnum cartridges often result in greater recoil and may require firearms built to handle such forces. While “Magnum” often refers to a higher-velocity load or heavier bullet in a given caliber, the term also conveys a sense of superiority in terms of performance compared to traditional ammunition types.
Mainspring: The mainspring is a critical component of a firearm’s firing mechanism. It is a spring that stores and releases energy to power the hammer or striker, allowing it to strike the primer of a cartridge with sufficient force to ignite the powder charge and discharge the round. In mechanical firearms, the mainspring provides the necessary force to initiate the firing sequence. When the trigger is pulled, it releases the mainspring, which then propels the hammer or striker forward, striking the primer and causing the round to fire. This spring is often located within the action of the firearm and is crucial for proper function, ensuring consistent and reliable ignition of ammunition. The mainspring’s tension is vital for the firearm’s performance. If the spring is too weak, the hammer or striker may fail to strike the primer with enough force, resulting in a misfire. Conversely, an overly strong spring can lead to excessive recoil or premature wear of components. Proper maintenance and calibration of the mainspring are essential for optimal performance and longevity of the firearm.
Match Grade: Match grade refers to firearm parts and ammunition that are specifically engineered and manufactured to the highest standards of precision and quality, ensuring superior accuracy and reliability under competitive conditions. These components are crafted with tight tolerances, meaning they have minimal variation in dimensions, which contributes to enhanced consistency and performance. In the context of firearms and ammunition, match grade products are designed to provide exceptional precision, making them ideal for competitive shooting, target shooting, and other activities where accuracy is paramount. This includes barrels, triggers, ammo, and other key components that are built to minimize variation and deliver consistent results shot after shot. Match-grade ammunition often features carefully selected components, such as specially formulated powders, precisely measured bullet weights, and uniform primers, ensuring optimal performance in competitive environments. Similarly, match-grade firearms are built with advanced manufacturing techniques and are often hand-fitted or thoroughly tested to meet strict performance standards. Used predominantly in precision shooting competitions, law enforcement, and military sniper roles, match-grade products deliver the best possible accuracy and reliability, providing shooters with the confidence needed for demanding environments.
Matchlock: The matchlock is an early and now obsolete mechanism used to discharge firearms. Originating in the 15th century, the matchlock system uses a slow-burning match (a length of cord or hemp soaked in chemicals) to ignite the gunpowder in the firearm’s pan. When the trigger is pulled, the match is brought into contact with the priming powder, igniting it and triggering the main charge to fire the projectile. This firing mechanism was widely used in early firearms, including muskets and arquebuses, before being replaced by more efficient and reliable mechanisms like the flintlock and percussion cap systems. The matchlock mechanism required the user to keep a lit match ready at all times, making it cumbersome and unreliable, especially in adverse weather conditions. While obsolete in modern firearms, the matchlock remains historically significant as one of the first practical methods for discharging a firearm, influencing the development of later ignition systems.
Medium Machine Gun: A medium machine gun (MMG) is a class of fully automatic firearm designed to be operated by one or more personnel, often requiring a crew for optimal use, though it can sometimes be operated by a single person in certain configurations. These weapons typically fire a full-power rifle cartridge, such as the 7.62x51mm NATO, offering a balance of range, power, and portability. Medium machine guns are generally used in squad-level support roles, providing suppressive fire to cover troop movements, clear fields of fire, and neutralize enemy positions. Their higher rate of fire and the use of rifle-caliber ammunition give them greater effectiveness at longer ranges compared to light machine guns, while still being lighter and more mobile than heavier machine guns like the heavy-barrel or vehicle-mounted varieties. Common examples of medium machine guns include the M240, FN MAG, and PKM. These weapons are frequently mounted on vehicles or tripods to maximize their stability and accuracy during sustained fire. The MMG’s role on the battlefield is crucial in providing fire superiority in support of infantry and combat operations.
Micrometer: A micrometer is a highly precise measuring tool used in firearms to measure small and fine dimensions with exceptional accuracy. It is commonly used to measure components like barrel thickness, chamber dimensions, bullet diameter, and headspace. These measurements are critical for ensuring proper fit, functionality, and safety in both firearms and ammunition. In gunsmithing, a micrometer is essential for maintaining tight tolerances during custom builds, repairs, or modifications. It helps ensure that critical parts such as barrels, chambers, and firing pins are within specification, preventing malfunctions and ensuring reliable performance. Additionally, for reloading, a micrometer is used to precisely measure cartridge lengths, bullet seating depths, and case dimensions to maintain consistent ammunition quality, which is key for accuracy and safety. Micrometers come in various types, such as outside micrometers (for measuring outer diameters) and inside micrometers (for measuring internal dimensions), making them indispensable for any professional gunsmith, precision shooter, or reloader looking to achieve the highest levels of performance and accuracy.
Mil-Spec: Short for military specification, refers to a set of standardized criteria established by the U.S. military to define the design, performance, durability, and quality of materials and equipment used in military applications. These specifications are intended to ensure uniformity, reliability, and effectiveness across a wide range of systems and environments. In the context of firearms and accessories, Mil-Spec indicates that a product has been manufactured to meet or exceed these stringent military standards. This ensures that the item is capable of withstanding harsh conditions, including extreme temperatures, heavy use, and exposure to environmental elements like dirt, moisture, and recoil. Mil-Spec components are designed for compatibility and interoperability with other military-grade systems, ensuring that they function seamlessly in demanding scenarios. Commonly applied to parts like AR-15 lower receivers, barrels, stocks, and bolts, Mil-Spec certification serves as an assurance of quality, durability, and reliability, making these products a popular choice for both military personnel and civilian users who prioritize performance and toughness. For enthusiasts, Mil-Spec often signifies a benchmark for high-performance and dependable gear.
Mine Shell: A mine shell is a type of high-explosive ammunition designed for use in artillery or mortars. It is typically used for anti-armor and area-denial purposes. When fired, the mine shell is designed to explode upon impact or proximity, releasing a powerful blast to damage or destroy armored targets, vehicles, and enemy fortifications. Some variations are also equipped with armor-piercing capabilities, designed to penetrate heavy armor before detonating. These shells may also be equipped with additional features like fuzing mechanisms to ensure optimal detonation based on target type or environmental conditions. The mine shell is commonly employed in military applications for its ability to incapacitate or destroy heavily armored vehicles, making it a critical tool in modern combat.
Minute of Angle (MOA): Minute of Angle (MOA) is an angular measurement commonly used in shooting to quantify the accuracy and precision of firearms, optics, and sights. It represents 1/60th of a degree, which is a very small, precise angle. In practical terms, 1 MOA is approximately equal to 1.047 inches at 100 yards, though it is often rounded to 1 inch for ease of calculation. When a rifle is said to be “1 MOA accurate,” it means that at 100 yards, the rifle is capable of shooting a group of shots within a 1-inch circle. At greater distances, the group size increases proportionally: at 200 yards, the group would be around 2 inches, and at 300 yards, about 3 inches. This relationship allows shooters to predict how their firearm will perform at different ranges. MOA is also used for precise scope adjustments. For example, adjusting a scope by 1 MOA will shift the point of impact by approximately 1 inch at 100 yards, and this shift increases with distance. This system provides a straightforward and effective way to make fine adjustments, ensuring the firearm performs consistently, whether in hunting, target shooting, or competition. The clarity and simplicity of MOA make it an ideal tool for achieving accuracy across various shooting scenarios.
Misfeed: In semi-automatic firearms, a misfeed occurs when the next round fails to completely enter the chamber, preventing the firearm from going into battery. This malfunction can prevent the gun from firing. Misfeeds are closely related to failures to feed, with the primary difference being that a failure to feed happens when a round doesn’t leave the magazine at all, whereas a misfeed occurs when the round leaves the magazine but fails to properly align with and enter the chamber. Both malfunctions can disrupt the firearm’s operation, but misfeeds typically involve the round being partially loaded into the chamber.
Misfire: A misfire occurs when the primer in a cartridge fails to ignite, preventing the bullet from firing. This malfunction can be caused by various factors, such as a faulty primer, an improperly seated cartridge, or an issue with the firearm’s firing pin or striker mechanism. A misfire is a type of firearm malfunction that requires the shooter to address the issue, either by safely clearing the chamber and inspecting the cartridge or by resolving any mechanical problems with the firearm.
M-LOK (Modular Lock): M-LOK is a versatile and lightweight modular rail system developed by Magpul for attaching accessories to firearms. The system utilizes a series of direct-attachment slots built into the handguard, which allows for secure and customizable mounting of a wide range of accessories such as grips, lights, bipods, sling mounts, and more. M-LOK’s design eliminates the need for additional Picatinny rail segments or clamps, making it more streamlined and reducing overall weight, while still offering a secure and stable mounting surface. One of the standout features of M-LOK is its modularity—shooters can attach accessories wherever they are needed along the rail, without being constrained by the fixed spacing of traditional Picatinny rails. This system allows for a cleaner, more ergonomic firearm setup, with minimal bulk and weight added. M-LOK is popular among both military and civilian users, especially for modern rifles like the AR-15 platform. It provides superior flexibility compared to other rail systems like KeyMod, and its slim profile is ideal for users who prioritize low-profile builds and ergonomic designs. The rail itself is often made from durable materials like aluminum or polymer, ensuring long-lasting reliability under demanding conditions. M-LOK’s compatibility with a wide range of accessories from various manufacturers makes it an industry-standard choice for those seeking high customization potential and a lightweight, efficient mounting solution for their firearm.
MOE (Magpul Original Equipment): MOE, or Magpul Original Equipment, is a product line from Magpul known for its high-quality, lightweight, and durable firearm accessories. Designed with functionality and ergonomics in mind, MOE components include grips, stocks, handguards, and more. These accessories enhance the modularity and customization of firearms, offering shooters a practical and reliable solution for improving performance and comfort. MOE products are built to withstand harsh conditions while providing superior control and flexibility.
Moon Clip: A moon clip is a circular loading device used in revolvers, designed to hold rimless cartridges—such as 9mm Luger or .45 ACP—together for quicker loading. Similar to a speedloader, it facilitates fast reloading, but unlike a speedloader, a moon clip becomes an integral part of the revolver during firing. It holds the ammunition in place within the cylinder, ensuring proper alignment and functioning of the firearm. After firing, the spent cases are typically ejected along with the moon clip, making it a convenient tool for revolvers chambered in rimless calibers.
Mouse Gun: A somewhat disparaging term used to describe any handgun that fires a small caliber round, typically associated with lightweight, compact pistols that are easier to conceal but may have limited stopping power compared to larger calibers. While often used humorously or dismissively, the term highlights the firearm’s smaller size and lower recoil, making it a popular choice for concealed carry or self-defense in certain situations.
Multi-Barreled: A firearm featuring more than one barrel, commonly seen in designs like double-barreled shotguns. Multi-barreled guns allow for the rapid firing of multiple shots without needing to reload after each round. These firearms are typically used for hunting or sporting purposes, with the double-barrel configuration being the most well-known. Some models, such as over-under or side-by-side shotguns, are popular for their ability to fire two rounds in quick succession, offering a balance of power and accuracy.
Mushroomed Bullet: A term used to describe a bullet whose forward diameter has expanded upon impact, creating a “mushroom” shape. This expansion typically occurs when the bullet strikes a target and the soft lead or jacket material deforms, increasing its surface area. Mushrooming is a characteristic of hollow-point and soft-point bullets, designed to transfer more energy to the target and reduce the risk of over-penetration, making them effective for self-defense and hunting.
Must Inform Officer: In certain states, if you are carrying a concealed firearm and are approached by a law enforcement officer (LEO) for any official reason—such as a traffic stop—you are legally required to inform the officer that you are carrying and possess a valid permit or license. Failure to notify the officer in these states can result in legal consequences, as it may be considered a violation of state law. Always be aware of your local laws regarding the “Must Inform” requirement, as regulations can vary by jurisdiction.
Muzzle Blast: The explosive sound and rapid release of hot gases that occur at the muzzle of a firearm when the projectile exits the barrel. Muzzle blast is caused by the high-pressure gas generated by the ignited propellant, which is expelled as the bullet travels down the barrel. This blast is often accompanied by a visible flash of light, especially in low-light conditions, and is a significant factor in the overall noise produced by firing a firearm. The intensity of the muzzle blast can vary depending on the type of firearm, ammunition, and barrel length.
Muzzle Brakes and Recoil Compensators: Muzzle brakes and recoil compensators are devices attached to the muzzle of a firearm designed to reduce recoil and mitigate barrel rise (muzzle climb) during rapid or sustained fire. Muzzle brakes redirect propellant gases to the sides or rear, effectively reducing the backward force felt by the shooter. Recoil compensators, on the other hand, are engineered to direct gases in a manner that helps stabilize the firearm, preventing excessive muzzle rise and aiding in quicker follow-up shots. Both devices improve control, accuracy, and overall shooting performance, particularly in high-caliber firearms or those used for rapid fire.
Muzzle Device: A muzzle device is any attachment mounted to the end of a firearm’s barrel that influences its performance. These devices serve various functions, such as reducing muzzle flash, controlling recoil, or suppressing sound. Common types of muzzle devices include flash hiders, which reduce the visible flash when the firearm is discharged; compensators, designed to counter muzzle rise and improve accuracy; muzzle brakes, which redirect propellant gases to reduce recoil; thread protectors, which cover threaded barrels to prevent damage; and sound suppressors, which reduce the noise produced by firing. Each type of muzzle device is tailored to improve the shooting experience in different ways, depending on the firearm’s intended use.
Muzzle Energy: Muzzle energy refers to the kinetic energy of a projectile as it exits the muzzle of a firearm. This measurement is often used to estimate the destructive potential of a specific firearm or ammunition load. Muzzle energy is calculated based on the mass of the bullet and its velocity at the moment it leaves the barrel. The higher the bullet’s mass and velocity, the greater the muzzle energy, resulting in increased potential for damage upon impact. This makes muzzle energy an important factor in assessing a firearm’s effectiveness for various applications, such as hunting, self-defense, or law enforcement.
Muzzle Flip (Muzzle Rise): The upward movement of the firearm’s muzzle that occurs when the weapon is discharged. This phenomenon happens due to the recoil generated by the firing process, causing the muzzle to rise as the bullet exits the barrel. Muzzle flip is more pronounced in certain firearms, particularly those with lighter frames or higher-powered cartridges. Effective shooters often compensate for muzzle flip by maintaining a proper grip and stance to keep the firearm steady for faster follow-up shots.
Muzzle Rise: Muzzle rise, also called muzzle flip, refers to the upward motion of a firearm’s barrel upon firing, caused by the recoil generated when the round is discharged. This movement can shift the firearm’s sights off the target, impacting accuracy during rapid-fire sequences. The intensity of muzzle rise depends on factors such as the firearm’s caliber, design, and the shooter’s stance. In high-speed shooting scenarios, the shooter must quickly realign the sights for subsequent shots, which can reduce overall accuracy and speed. Muzzle rise is often countered with recoil management techniques, muzzle brakes, or compensators, which help minimize the upward movement, allowing for faster, more accurate follow-up shots.
Muzzle Velocity: Muzzle velocity is the speed at which a projectile exits the muzzle of a firearm, serving as a key indicator of a firearm’s ballistic performance. This value varies significantly, ranging from around 800 ft/s (240 m/s) for handguns and older cartridges to over 4,000 ft/s (1,200 m/s) in high-velocity rounds. Several factors contribute to muzzle velocity, including the type and amount of propellant (affecting its burn rate and expansion), the mass of the projectile, and the barrel length. A longer barrel generally allows more time for the propellant to fully burn, increasing velocity. Muzzle velocity directly influences a firearm’s range, accuracy, and energy, with higher velocities improving projectile trajectory and terminal ballistics. Understanding muzzle velocity is crucial for evaluating a firearm’s effectiveness in different contexts, from hunting and tactical applications to precision shooting.
Muzzle: The muzzle is the forward end of a firearm’s barrel, where the projectile exits upon discharge. It is the point of release for the bullet or shot, and its design can impact the firearm’s accuracy, recoil, and muzzle flash. Proper muzzle control is essential for safety and is one of the first principles taught to firearm users, as it determines the direction of the projectile and ensures it doesn’t pose a risk to others.

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NATO Ammunition: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ammunition refers to a standardized range of cartridges developed to ensure interoperability among the armed forces of NATO member countries. These standardized rounds are designed to meet specific performance standards for reliability, accuracy, and effectiveness in diverse military operations and environments. By establishing common specifications, NATO ensures that member nations can share ammunition and equipment seamlessly, regardless of the manufacturer or country of origin. Common NATO cartridges include the 5.56x45mm NATO, used primarily in assault rifles like the M16 and M4, and the 9x19mm NATO, which is widely used in pistols and submachine guns. These rounds are engineered for high-performance consistency and durability, with specific attention given to pressure, dimensions, and materials, ensuring reliability across different military platforms. In addition to these well-known rounds, NATO also uses a variety of other calibers for specialized roles, such as the 7.62x51mm NATO for designated marksman rifles and machine guns, and larger calibers for heavy machine guns and anti-materiel rifles. The standardized nature of NATO ammunition allows for logistical efficiency and ensures that weapons from different countries can operate with the same ammunition, reducing supply chain complexity during joint operations or peacekeeping missions. NATO ammunition also adheres to international conventions, including those relating to the types of projectiles used, such as avoiding expanding bullets in combat situations, thus enhancing its credibility and legal compliance in warfare scenarios.
Neck: The neck of a cartridge casing is the tapered section located near the top, where the casing narrows to securely hold the bullet in place. This part of the casing is critical for the proper alignment and retention of the projectile before ignition. When the round is chambered, the neck ensures the bullet is seated correctly within the casing, providing a stable fit that allows for consistent pressure when the firearm is discharged. The neck also plays a role in the sealing process, preventing gases from escaping around the bullet during firing, which helps maintain the efficiency and power of the shot.
Necking Down or Necking Up: Necking down and necking up refer to the process of altering the neck portion of a cartridge case to accommodate a bullet of a different caliber. Necking down involves reducing the diameter of the neck, allowing a smaller-caliber bullet to be used in a larger-caliber cartridge case. Conversely, necking up involves expanding the neck to allow a larger-caliber bullet to fit in a smaller-caliber case. This process is commonly employed in the creation of wildcat cartridges, which are custom, non-standard cartridges that are developed for specialized purposes such as hunting, target shooting, or performance enhancement. By necking down or up, gun enthusiasts and manufacturers can tailor ammunition to specific needs, often improving ballistic performance, increasing accuracy, or optimizing for a particular firearm’s design. Necking also requires precision in both the case’s internal dimensions and overall strength, as the resizing process must preserve the case’s structural integrity to prevent failure during firing. The process of necking down or up allows for a wide variety of custom ammunition, making it a popular practice among shooters looking for unique performance characteristics.
Negligent Discharge (ND): A term used to describe the unintended discharge of a firearm, typically resulting from mishandling or failure to follow proper safety protocols, leading to bodily injury, property damage, or other unintended consequences. While some gun advocates and proponents argue that it should be considered synonymous with “accidental discharge,” others emphasize that “negligent discharge” implies a preventable event due to user error or carelessness, distinguishing it from incidents that occur without human fault.
NRA (National Rifle Association): The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is a U.S.-based organization primarily focused on defending the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and advocating for the rights of firearm owners. Founded in 1871, the NRA has a stated mission to promote marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of rights related to self-defense and hunting. In addition to its advocacy work, the NRA also serves as the sanctioning body for numerous marksmanship competitions within the U.S., particularly bullseye-style shooting events. These competitions range from local to international levels, offering a framework for competitive shooters. The NRA is also involved in legislative action, where it lobbies for policies related to firearm ownership and use. Its efforts include opposing laws or regulations perceived as restrictions on firearm rights, while supporting measures that align with its interpretation of the Second Amendment.

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Obturate: “Obturate” is a term used in ordnance to describe the process of sealing a gap or cavity, particularly to prevent the escape of gases, such as explosive propellant gases, during the firing of a firearm. In the context of ammunition, obturation refers to the creation of a gas-tight seal between the bullet and the firearm’s bore. This is achieved when expanding gases from the propellant press against the base and skirt of the bullet, forcing the bullet into the rifling of the barrel and creating a seal. The obturation process ensures that the high-pressure gases generated during firing do not escape around the bullet, maximizing the efficiency of the cartridge and preventing damage to the firearm’s components. The seal also prevents the loss of gas, which would reduce the bullet’s velocity and energy. In some designs, a recess in the base of the bullet allows for better obturation. This is a critical element in maintaining firearm performance and is often associated with terms like “swaging,” which refers to the process of shaping the bullet to fit the bore and enhance obturation.
ODG (Olive Drab Green): Olive Drab Green (ODG) is a color commonly associated with military gear, characterized by its earthy, muted green tone. Known for its ability to blend seamlessly into natural environments, ODG is often used for camouflage purposes, offering effective concealment in outdoor or tactical settings. Beyond its practical use, the color has become iconic, evoking a military-inspired aesthetic and a sense of rugged durability.
Off-Hand: The term “off-hand” can refer to either the non-dominant hand or the act of firing a firearm without any external support, such as a bench, bipod, or tree. When shooting from the off-hand position, the shooter relies entirely on their own stability and control, making it a more challenging technique. Whether referring to the non-dominant hand or the unsupported shooting stance, the off-hand position requires skill and practice for effective use.
Offset Mount: An offset mount refers to a mounting configuration for a telescopic sight or optics where the sight is positioned to the side of the firearm’s receiver and barrel, rather than directly above it. This arrangement is often used in firearms where a straight-line path for the ammunition feed and ejection of spent cartridges conflicts with a traditional top-mounted optic. Military and service rifles, particularly older models, commonly used offset mounts due to the design of their ammunition feeding systems, where new rounds were loaded from above while spent cases were ejected to the side or opposite direction. While not as common in modern firearms, offset mounts were once essential for certain firearm designs, especially those that required clear pathways for both the loading and ejection of rounds. Though their practical application has diminished over time, offset mounts—whether partial or complete—remain highly sought after by collectors, restorers, and enthusiasts of historical firearms. Their unique design makes them a notable feature in vintage military and service weaponry, with some even modifying them for use on modern firearms.
Open Bolt: An open-bolt firearm operates with the bolt positioned to the rear of the receiver when ready to fire. When the trigger is pulled, the bolt moves forward, chambering a round and firing it in a single motion. This mechanism is typically found in certain automatic and semi-automatic firearms, especially older models or submachine guns. The open-bolt design offers benefits such as reducing the chances of accidental firing when the weapon is at rest, as the bolt must travel forward to chamber a round before firing. However, open-bolt systems can have lower accuracy in semi-automatic fire compared to closed-bolt systems, as the movement of the bolt during firing can influence the firearm’s overall stability and precision.
Open Sight: An open sight is a type of iron sight commonly used on firearms, characterized by an open notch or rear sight that allows the shooter to view the target through a clear, unobstructed space. Typically paired with a front post or bead sight, the open sight is designed for quick target acquisition and is often used in both rifles and shotguns. Its simplicity and effectiveness make it a popular choice for shooters in various applications, from hunting to sport shooting. Open sights are adjustable in some models, allowing for windage and elevation corrections to enhance accuracy.
Open Tip Bullets (OTB): Open tip bullets feature a small opening at the tip, a result of the manufacturing process that ensures a more consistent distribution of the bullet’s core material. While the tip is not designed for expansion like hollow-point bullets, this design improves the bullet’s overall accuracy by enhancing its aerodynamic stability. Open tip bullets are favored for precision shooting, making them particularly popular in long-range target shooting and sniper applications, where consistency and accuracy are crucial.
Open Tip Match (OTM): Open Tip Match (OTM) is a type of precision bullet commonly used in competitive shooting. The open-tip design features a carefully constructed jacket, typically drawn deeply, with lead inserted from the front tip. This design allows for optimal aerodynamics and consistency, contributing to the bullet’s accuracy. The ogival (curved) shape of the bullet is formed from the open-tip mouth, ensuring improved stability during flight. Originally developed for competitive match shooting, the OTM bullet is prized for its superior precision, consistency, and reliability, making it a top choice for long-range shooters and precision rifle competitions.
Out-of-Battery: “Out-of-battery” refers to a condition where a firearm’s action is not in its proper position for firing, meaning it is not fully locked into place. The term originated from artillery, where it was used to describe a gun that fired before being pulled back into the correct position within the firing battery. In modern firearms, particularly those with automatic loading systems, out-of-battery occurs when a live round is partially chambered, but the action has not fully cycled or locked the round into the chamber. In this state, the firearm may be at risk of malfunctioning or failing to fire correctly, potentially causing dangerous situations such as a misfire or out-of-battery detonation. This condition can arise from several factors, including worn or damaged parts, improper loading, or mechanical failure of the locking mechanism. Firearms are designed to only fire when the action is fully in battery, meaning the chamber is securely locked, and all parts are correctly aligned to withstand the pressures of firing. If a weapon is out-of-battery, firing it can lead to catastrophic failure, such as a ruptured chamber or damage to internal components, and should always be avoided. Regular maintenance, inspection, and proper handling procedures are essential to ensure that a firearm remains in battery during use.
Over and Under (O/U): “Over and Under” (O/U) refers to a type of double-barreled shotgun configuration where the barrels are stacked vertically, one placed above the other. This design allows for a more compact and balanced firearm, making it easier to aim and handle, especially in quick-target shooting situations such as bird hunting and clay pigeon shooting. The vertical alignment of the barrels also offers a more natural point of aim compared to side-by-side shotguns. Typically, O/U shotguns are favored for their elegance, precision, and versatility. They often feature a break-action mechanism, where the barrels hinge open to allow for loading and unloading. Many O/U shotguns also include selective barrel mechanisms, allowing the shooter to choose whether to fire the top or bottom barrel first, which can be particularly useful in various shooting scenarios. The O/U configuration is popular for its higher level of craftsmanship and is commonly used in competitive sports like skeet and trap shooting.
Over-bore: “Over-bore” refers to a firearm cartridge design in which small-caliber bullets are used in disproportionately large cases. This term describes the relationship between the volume of propellant (gunpowder) a cartridge case can hold and the diameter of the firearm’s barrel or bore. Essentially, an over-bore cartridge features an excessive amount of powder for the size of the bullet, resulting in high velocities and increased pressure. This design is often used to achieve superior muzzle velocity, but it can lead to diminished efficiency in terms of powder burn rate, as not all of the powder may combust within the length of the barrel. Over-bore cartridges are typically seen in high-performance rifles designed for long-range shooting, where achieving maximum velocity and energy transfer is paramount. However, this comes at the cost of increased barrel wear, higher recoil, and a potential decrease in accuracy over very long distances.
Over-Travel: Over-travel refers to the continued rearward movement of the trigger after the shot has been fired. Once the trigger breaks and the shot is discharged, the trigger should not move any further. If the trigger can still move rearward after firing, it is considered to be experiencing over-travel. This unwanted movement can affect accuracy and trigger control, as it indicates excess play in the trigger mechanism.
OWB (Outside the Waistband): Outside the Waistband (OWB) refers to a holster worn on the exterior of a person’s waistband or belt, offering a practical and accessible way to carry a firearm. This holster style is commonly used for open carry, range use, or tactical purposes due to its ability to provide a faster draw, easier access, and greater comfort compared to Inside-the-Waistband (IWB) options. OWB holsters are typically worn on the hip or at the back, with positioning adjustable for personal preference. Because the firearm is worn on the outside of the body, it allows for quick and smooth access, making it a popular choice for both everyday carry and specialized shooting environments.

P

+P or +P+: A designation for cartridges loaded to higher-than-standard pressures for their caliber, resulting in increased muzzle velocity and energy. While +P indicates a moderately increased pressure level, +P+ signifies even higher pressures. These cartridges are typically used for defensive purposes but may cause increased wear on firearms not specifically rated for them.
Parabellum: Derived from the Latin phrase “si vis pacem, para bellum,” meaning “If you want peace, prepare for war.” The term is most commonly associated with the 9mm cartridge, originally chambered in the Luger pistol, and is used as a designation for this particular round. While it historically referred to the Luger pistol, today it is most often used to describe the widely recognized 9mm Parabellum cartridge.
Parkerizing: Parkerizing is a corrosion-resistant coating process primarily used on steel to increase its durability and resistance to wear and tear. The process involves the application of an electrochemical phosphate conversion coating, which forms a layer of phosphate crystals on the surface of the metal. This layer not only provides excellent corrosion protection but also creates a more porous surface, which can absorb and hold lubricants, further enhancing the functionality and longevity of the treated material. This method, also known as phosphating or phosphatizing, is widely used in the firearms industry, where it helps to protect firearms from rust, especially in humid or salty environments. It is also commonly used on military equipment, automotive parts, and various industrial components that require increased resistance to the elements. Parkerized finishes are matte and non-reflective, making them ideal for tactical applications where minimizing shine and glare is crucial. Additionally, it is an economical and effective alternative to other forms of metal protection, such as bluing, and can be applied to a variety of steel alloys. Parkerizing can also improve the lifespan of tools, machinery, and automotive components, making it a versatile and valuable process across multiple industries.
Parts Kit: A parts kit is a collection of firearm components, excluding the receiver, that allows for the assembly of a complete firearm when combined with a legally purchased or manufactured receiver. The kit typically includes parts such as the barrel, stock, trigger group, bolt, and other essential components needed to build a functioning firearm. In the United States, the receiver is considered the regulated component, and the sale or manufacturing of a receiver is subject to strict legal requirements. As a result, parts kits are often marketed as non-regulated items, provided the receiver is purchased separately or crafted to comply with regulations. Parts kits are commonly used by firearm enthusiasts and builders to customize or assemble firearms to their specifications. They are popular among hobbyists, collectors, and those interested in home builds, as they often offer flexibility in design while adhering to legal frameworks regarding firearm assembly. Some parts kits may be tailored for specific firearm models or configurations, making them suitable for various applications ranging from recreational shooting to tactical use.
Passive Safety: A safety mechanism, whether internal or external, that operates automatically without requiring the shooter’s conscious action. Examples of passive external safeties include grip safeties, which engage when the firearm is properly held, while passive internal safeties, such as drop safeties, prevent the firearm from discharging if it is dropped or subjected to impact.
PCC (Pistol Caliber Carbine): A Pistol Caliber Carbine (PCC) is a type of firearm that combines the compact design and maneuverability of a carbine with the use of pistol-caliber ammunition, such as 9mm, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP. These firearms offer several advantages, including reduced recoil compared to traditional rifle calibers, making them more manageable for shooters of various skill levels. PCCs are particularly popular for home defense, competition shooting, and training due to their versatility and ease of use. They also tend to have lower ammunition costs compared to higher-caliber rifles, while still providing effective performance at shorter ranges. Additionally, many PCCs are compatible with pistol magazines, enhancing convenience and reducing the need for additional equipment. This makes them an attractive option for those looking for a practical, economical, and versatile firearm platform.
Peacable Journey Law: State laws that govern the legal carrying of a loaded firearm while traveling through a state, even without a permit. These laws vary by state, with some permitting individuals to transport a firearm through the state—provided they do not make any unnecessary stops or engage in non-essential activity. The intent behind these laws is to allow lawful travelers to pass through states without facing prosecution, as long as they follow specific conditions, such as maintaining continuous travel and not stopping in areas where possession may be prohibited.
PEPPER SPRAY (OC): OC (Oleoresin Capsicum) is a derivative of hot cayenne peppers. It is much more effective compared to CN (Chloroacetophenone) and CS (Orthochlorobenzalmalonitrile), which are both chemical irritants. OC is an inflammatory agent, and upon contact, it causes an intense burning sensation, temporary blindness, restricted breathing, and disorientation. The effects of OC can last from 15 to 60 minutes, depending on its concentration. Unlike CN and CS, OC is highly effective on dogs, as well as people who are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. As a natural irritant, OC is considered safer and less toxic compared to chemical agents, making it a more innocuous option for self-defense. CN (Chloroacetophenone) and CS (Orthochlorobenzalmalonitrile) are both chemical agents commonly used in riot control and self-defense sprays. They are classified as lacrimators, meaning they primarily irritate the eyes and respiratory system, causing tearing, coughing, and temporary blindness. CN (Chloroacetophenone) causes intense irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, leading to a burning sensation and discomfort. While it can cause temporary incapacitation, its effects are less potent compared to OC or CS. CN’s effects tend to be shorter-lived, but it is less commonly used today due to its lower effectiveness and higher toxicity. CS (Orthochlorobenzalmalonitrile) is more potent and commonly used than CN. It causes severe irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system, resulting in intense tearing, difficulty breathing, and extreme discomfort. CS effects are typically more intense than CN, lasting between 20 minutes to an hour, depending on exposure. Though more effective, CS can be harmful if overexposure occurs, which is why it is used in controlled environments like riot control. While CN and CS are still used, OC (pepper spray) is preferred for personal defense due to its natural origins, broad effectiveness, and relatively fewer health risks.
Percussion Cap: The percussion cap is a small, typically cylindrical device made of copper or brass, which revolutionized firearm ignition by allowing muzzle-loading guns to fire reliably in any weather. The cap features one closed end, containing a small amount of shock-sensitive explosive material such as fulminate of mercury or potassium chlorate. This explosive primer ignites when struck. To use, the percussion cap is placed over a hollow metal “nipple” at the rear of the gun barrel. When the trigger is pulled, a hammer strikes the percussion cap, causing the primer to detonate. The resulting flame travels through the hollow nipple, igniting the main powder charge, which propels the projectile from the barrel. This invention was crucial in making firearms more practical and dependable, especially in wet or humid conditions, where earlier ignition systems, like flintlocks, failed. The introduction of the percussion cap allowed for a more consistent and rapid ignition process, marking a significant advancement in firearm technology during the 19th century.

Picatinny rail on Desert Eagle .50AE – a rail system mounted on the pistol’s frame, allowing for the attachment of optics, lights, and other accessories to enhance versatility and performance

Picatinny Rail on top of Magnum Research Carbo Blue & Apocalyptic Desert Eagle Mark XIX 50AE

Picatinny Rail: The Picatinny rail is a rugged, standardized mounting system widely used on firearms to provide a secure and versatile platform for attaching accessories like optics, lights, grips, and bipods. It features a series of precisely spaced, mil-spec grooves and slots that allow for adjustable positioning and secure attachment, ensuring optimal performance in dynamic environments. This rail system is designed for durability and stability, making it ideal for tactical, military, law enforcement, and competitive shooting applications. Its modular design offers shooters the flexibility to customize their firearms setup, enhancing both functionality and adaptability across a wide range of uses.
Pinfire: Pinfire refers to an obsolete cartridge design in which ignition is achieved through a small pin that protrudes from the base of the cartridge. This pin, when struck by the firearm’s hammer, would ignite a priming compound, which in turn ignited the main powder charge. The pinfire system, once widely used in the 19th century, was eventually replaced by more reliable and efficient ignition systems. Despite its obsolescence, the pinfire cartridge remains of historical interest, particularly in the context of early firearm development.
Pistol Grip: A type of grip found on rifles, shotguns, and some carbines, positioned just behind the trigger, designed to resemble the handle of a pistol. The pistol grip allows the shooter to hold the firearm in a more natural, vertical position, providing better control, stability, and comfort during use. It is particularly beneficial for rapid or accurate shooting, as it enables the shooter to maintain a firm grip, even in high-stress situations. Common in tactical, sporting, and hunting firearms, the pistol grip improves maneuverability and reduces recoil fatigue, making it a popular choice for both professionals and enthusiasts.
Pistol Length: Pistol length refers to the compact barrel length and gas system configuration commonly found on AR-style firearms, typically measuring under 10.5 inches. This length is designed specifically for AR pistols or short-barreled rifles (SBRs), optimizing maneuverability and making them more suitable for close-quarters applications. The shorter barrel enhances portability while maintaining a balance between power and control, making it ideal for situations where compactness and agility are paramount.
Pistol: A pistol is a type of firearm designed to be held and fired with one hand, offering portability and ease of use. While the term “pistol” is often specifically associated with semi-automatic handguns, it can also refer to any handgun, including revolvers, as “pistol” is colloquially used for revolvers. Pistols are smaller and more compact than rifles or shotguns, making them ideal for personal defense, concealed carry, and situations requiring mobility. Although pistols are primarily designed for one-handed use, many shooters prefer to use both hands for increased stability and accuracy. These firearms are popular for their concealability, with many models designed for easy carrying in a holster or concealed within clothing. The versatility and convenience of pistols make them a widely used option for self-defense, law enforcement, and recreational shooting.
Plinking: Plinking refers to informal target shooting typically conducted at non-traditional targets like tin cans, glass bottles, or water-filled balloons. Often enjoyed recreationally, it is a casual form of shooting that emphasizes fun and practice rather than precision. Plinking is popular for its simplicity and accessibility, offering shooters a relaxed environment to hone their skills or simply enjoy shooting without the pressure of formal targets or competitions.
POA (Point of Aim): Point of Aim (POA) refers to the specific location a shooter aims at on a target, typically represented as the center of the target or the intended impact point. It is the visual reference used to align the sights of a firearm with the target, helping to ensure accuracy in hitting the desired point.
Pocket Mortar: A pocket mortar refers to a modified flare pistol adapted for use as an improvised grenade launcher or capable of firing high-explosive, armor-piercing rounds. Often repurposed for anti-tank use, this versatile weapon can deliver devastating firepower in close-quarters combat. Its compact design allows for portability, while its modification enables it to engage armored targets, making it a useful tool in unconventional warfare.
Point Blank: Refers to firing a firearm at a target from such a close range that the shooter does not need to adjust the aim for bullet drop or trajectory. In this scenario, the firearm is aimed directly at the target, and the shot is typically highly accurate, with minimal or no compensation for distance. Point blank shooting is often used in self-defense situations or in scenarios where rapid and precise shooting is necessary at very close distances.
Point of Impact (POI): The point of impact refers to the precise location where a bullet strikes its target. It is the physical mark or point on the target where the projectile makes contact, providing crucial feedback on the accuracy of the shot. Understanding the POI is essential for shooters in adjusting aim, correcting for environmental factors, and improving overall shooting precision.
Point Shooting: Point shooting refers to the practice of shooting a firearm without using the sights. Instead, the shooter relies on their body position, muscle memory, or other visual cues to estimate where the shot will land. This technique is often used in close-quarters situations where time is critical, and aiming through the sights may be too slow or impractical.
Pointed Soft Point (PSP): Pointed Soft Point (PSP) bullets combine a pointed nose with a soft, exposed lead core at the tip, optimized for superior aerodynamics. This design enhances accuracy and range, allowing the bullet to maintain stability during flight. Upon impact, the soft tip expands, ensuring controlled expansion for deeper penetration and effective stopping power. PSP bullets are commonly used in hunting, providing a balance of precision and terminal performance for larger game.
Ported Chamber: A ported chamber is a barrel chamber that features strategically placed pressure relief ports, allowing gas to leak around the cartridge during extraction. This design creates a slight delay in the extraction process by encouraging the cartridge to stick to the chamber wall, which is in contrast to the function of a fluted chamber that reduces friction for smoother extraction. The delayed extraction effect can help mitigate some issues related to high-pressure loads or reduce the likelihood of premature ejection in certain types of ammunition. The ports in a ported chamber allow the gas to move around the cartridge before it’s fully extracted, which also helps to dissipate pressure more evenly during extraction. This feature requires a welded-on sleeve with an annular groove to contain and control the release of pressure, ensuring that the chamber can still safely function without compromising firearm integrity. Ported chambers are often used in firearms that require controlled extraction and are more commonly found in high-performance or custom builds, where precise control over the extraction process can optimize the performance and longevity of the firearm under certain conditions, such as rapid fire or using specific types of ammunition. However, they are not as common in standard production firearms due to the added complexity in manufacturing and maintenance.
Porting: Porting refers to two distinct modifications in firearms that aim to improve performance and control. The first is the alteration of the ejection port on a self-loading pistol, which can be lowered or modified to enhance the firearm’s reliability and prevent damage to spent casings during ejection. The second is the practice of drilling gas vents (ports) into the barrel near the muzzle. This allows some of the expanding gases from the fired round to exit the barrel through the vents, which helps reduce muzzle rise (muzzle jump). The reduction in muzzle flip aids in faster target re-acquisition and improves accuracy during rapid fire. Porting also decreases felt recoil, making the firearm easier to handle and more comfortable to shoot for prolonged periods. A well-known proprietary example of this is the Mag-na-port system, which has been widely adopted for enhancing the performance of handguns and rifles. While porting can offer substantial benefits in terms of handling and follow-up shots, it can also increase noise and muzzle blast, which is something shooters should consider when using ported firearms.
Powerhead (or Bang Stick): A specialized firearm designed for underwater use, typically used in close-contact situations. The powerhead is a short-barreled, often single-shot weapon, that is fired when it is in direct contact with the target, such as a large fish or marine animal. The muzzle is placed against the target, and upon firing, a powerful charge is released, delivering a lethal impact. Powerheads are commonly used by divers for self-defense or in hunting scenarios, providing a quick, effective means of neutralizing underwater threats.
Primary Gun: The primary gun is the first firearm you draw in a critical situation where a weapon is needed. It is typically the go-to pistol for self-defense or duty use and is often loaded with medium to large-caliber rounds, depending on the intended purpose. This firearm is chosen for its reliability, accuracy, and the shooter’s familiarity with it, ensuring quick and efficient use when the situation demands immediate action. The primary gun is generally considered the main weapon, kept easily accessible for situations where fast deployment is crucial.
Primer: A primer is a small, sensitive explosive component located at the base of a firearm cartridge. When struck by the firing pin, it ignites the propellant (gunpowder) inside the cartridge, triggering the firing process. Primers come in different designs, such as boxer and berdan, which vary based on the method of construction and the intended application of the ammunition. Boxer primers are typically easier to reload, while berdan primers are more common in military ammunition due to their reliability in high-volume production. The primer plays a crucial role in ensuring the proper ignition of the round, contributing to the firearm’s overall performance and reliability.
Priming: In firearms, priming refers to the process of adding a primer to a cartridge, which is responsible for igniting the propellant (gunpowder) when struck by the firing pin. This step is essential in both ammunition manufacturing and reloading, as it ensures reliable ignition and proper functioning of the firearm. The quality and consistency of the primer are critical for the performance of the round, influencing the accuracy and reliability of the firearm during use. Proper priming ensures that the firing mechanism will reliably activate the cartridge’s propellant, facilitating a successful shot every time.
Printing: Printing refers to the condition in which the outline or shape of a concealed handgun becomes visible through the wearer’s clothing. While the firearm itself remains hidden, its presence can be detected by an observer due to the impression or silhouette created by the gun’s contours against the fabric. This can occur when clothing is tight-fitting or when the firearm shifts position, making it noticeable to those nearby, even if it is not directly seen.
Projectile: The projectile is the fired component of a cartridge, typically a bullet or shot, designed to be expelled from a firearm with precision and velocity toward a target. Engineered for maximum accuracy, the projectile’s design—whether it’s a full metal jacket, hollow point, or soft point—determines its behavior on impact, affecting factors like expansion, penetration, and terminal ballistics. The shape, material, and weight of the projectile are meticulously optimized for specific applications, such as hunting, self-defense, or precision shooting, ensuring it delivers the desired performance depending on the intended use.
Propellant: A substance within a cartridge that burns to generate the high-pressure gas necessary to propel the projectile out of the firearm’s barrel. Common examples of propellants include smokeless powder and cordite. When ignited, the propellant rapidly burns, creating expanding gases that force the bullet forward, providing the energy needed for the projectile to travel toward its target. The specific characteristics of the propellant, such as burn rate and energy output, play a crucial role in determining the firearm’s velocity and overall performance.

Pump Action Shotgun

Pump-action: A type of firearm, typically a rifle or shotgun, where the shooter manually operates a sliding forearm (also known as the pump) to eject spent cartridges and chamber a fresh round. This action is quicker than bolt-action and generally faster than lever-action systems because it allows the shooter to keep their trigger hand in place while reloading. The pump-action mechanism relies on the motion of the forearm to cycle the action, offering a smooth and efficient reload process. In rifles, this is often referred to as “slide action,” emphasizing the forward and backward motion of the forearm to load and prepare the firearm for the next shot.

Q

QD (Quick Detach): In firearms, QD refers to a system designed for the fast attachment and removal of accessories such as slings, optics, or suppressors, without the need for tools. QD mounts and attachments improve the versatility and convenience of a firearm, allowing users to rapidly adjust their setup based on specific needs, environments, or operational requirements. This system is particularly useful for law enforcement, military personnel, and competitive shooters who require quick modifications to their gear for different tasks.

Quiver on Marlin Dark Series .45-70 Govt. Lever Action Rifle – an accessory attached to the rifle, designed to securely hold and store ammunition, typically used for quick reloading during hunting or shooting

Quivers on a Marlin Dark Series 45-70 Govt. Lever Action Rifle

Quiver: Traditionally, a quiver is a container used by archers to hold and carry arrows. It is usually worn on the back, hip, or shoulder, and can be made from materials like leather, fabric, or plastic. In the context of firearms, a “quiver” can also refer to a magazine holder or a pouch designed to carry extra magazines, often attached to a rifle or firearm. These quivers can be mounted to the firearm itself or worn on the shooter’s gear for easy access. For rifles, especially in tactical or military settings, a quiver-like attachment helps keep additional magazines secure and accessible for quick reloading, improving operational efficiency.

R

Racking the Slide: “Racking the slide” refers to the action of pulling the slide of a semi-automatic handgun fully rearward and then releasing it, allowing the slide to return forward under spring tension. If the magazine is loaded and properly inserted into the firearm, this action chambers a round, making the gun ready to fire. This is a key step in preparing the firearm for use and is commonly performed when the gun is first readied or after the magazine has been loaded.
Rails: Rails are typically metal surfaces on a semi-automatic firearm that guide the slide as it moves back and forth with each shot fired. For smooth operation and reliability, these rails must remain clean and lightly lubricated to prevent excessive wear and ensure proper function. Proper maintenance of the rails is essential to keep the firearm operating efficiently and to avoid potential malfunctions.
Ramrod: A long, rigid rod used in muzzleloading firearms to push the projectile (such as a bullet or shot) down the barrel and into contact with the propellant (usually gunpowder). The ramrod is typically made of metal, wood, or composite material and is an essential tool for loading early firearms. It helps ensure the projectile is seated properly and securely against the charge, ensuring optimal ignition and firing performance. Ramrods were commonly used in rifles, muskets, and cannons before modern breech-loading mechanisms were developed.
Rate of Fire: The speed at which a firearm can discharge projectiles, typically measured in rounds per minute (RPM). This metric indicates how quickly a firearm can fire over a set period, reflecting its efficiency and capability in various situations. The rate of fire can vary widely depending on the type of firearm, ranging from single-shot to semi-automatic or fully automatic modes.
Rear Sight: The rear sight is positioned at the end of the barrel closest to the shooter. It can take various forms, such as a square notch, U-shape, V-shape, ring, or two dots. The purpose of the rear sight is to align visually with the front sight, helping the shooter achieve accurate sight picture by positioning the front sight between the rear sight’s reference points while aiming. Also see Rear Sight.
Receiver: The receiver is the central housing of a firearm, serving as the foundation for all critical operational components. It typically contains the trigger mechanism, bolt or action, firing pin, and magazine well, depending on the firearm’s design. As the main structure that holds and aligns these moving parts, it is responsible for facilitating the feeding, chambering, and firing of ammunition. The receiver also plays a key role in absorbing and directing recoil forces during discharge. In many jurisdictions, the receiver is the legally regulated part of a firearm, often requiring background checks or licenses to purchase or transfer. Depending on the firearm’s design, the receiver may be categorized as either a lower receiver (on rifles and shotguns) or an upper receiver (on some firearms, such as AR-style rifles), with each part performing different functions in the firearm’s operation.
Reciprocity: Reciprocity refers to a mutual agreement between two states to recognize and honor each other’s privileges. In the context of firearms, it means that when two states agree to accept each other’s concealed carry permits, allowing individuals to carry concealed firearms across state lines, it is known as reciprocity. This arrangement ensures that permit holders from one state can legally carry their firearm in another state that has entered into such an agreement.
Recognition: Recognition is a unilateral action by one jurisdiction (such as a state) to honor and accept a permit or license issued by another jurisdiction. This means that a state may choose to recognize the validity of a concealed carry permit or license from another state, allowing the permit holder to legally carry a firearm within its borders, even though the permit was issued elsewhere.
Recoil operation: A mechanism used in locked-breech, autoloading firearms where the energy generated by recoil is harnessed to cycle the firearm’s action. During firing, the force of the recoil moves the firearm’s bolt or slide backward, which extracts and ejects the spent cartridge while simultaneously chambering a new round. This self-loading process eliminates the need for manual cycling, allowing for faster follow-up shots. Recoil-operated systems are commonly found in firearms such as handguns and certain rifles, offering a balance of efficiency and reliability in semi-automatic and automatic designs.
Recoil Spring: The recoil spring is a robust spring that absorbs the impact of the slide’s rearward motion after firing, then provides the necessary force to push the slide forward, chambering a fresh round. It ensures smooth cycling of the firearm, helping to reset the action for the next shot.
Recoil: Recoil, often called “kick” or “kickback,” is the backward momentum experienced by a firearm when it is discharged. This force is a direct result of Newton’s third law, where the backward momentum of the firearm exactly balances the forward momentum of the projectile. The intensity of recoil depends on several factors, including the firearm’s weight, caliber, and design. Larger calibers and lighter firearms tend to produce more noticeable recoil, while heavier firearms may absorb more of the force. Managing recoil is crucial for maintaining accuracy and comfort, especially during rapid fire or when using high-powered weapons. Proper grip, stance, and techniques such as recoil mitigation systems or muzzle brakes can help minimize its impact on the shooter.
Red Dot Magnifier: An optical accessory designed to be paired with a non-magnifying red dot sight, effectively turning the combination into a magnified sighting system. The red dot magnifier adds magnification, allowing for enhanced target identification and accuracy at longer distances, while retaining the fast target acquisition and wide field of view provided by the red dot sight. Typically mounted behind the red dot sight, it can be flipped to the side when not in use, offering versatility for both close-range and extended-range shooting. This setup is popular for tactical, hunting, and competitive shooting applications. Red dot magnifiers typically offer magnification levels ranging from 2x to 6x, depending on the model, providing shooters with a flexible solution for different ranges and shooting scenarios. Many magnifiers are equipped with adjustable diopters, allowing users to fine-tune the focus to their specific eyesight needs. Some models feature quick-detach (QD) mounts, enabling fast and tool-free attachment or removal. Additionally, certain magnifiers come with features like anti-reflective coatings and rugged housings, enhancing durability and performance in adverse conditions, making them ideal for use in both combat and recreational shooting environments.

Vortex Crossfire Red Dot Sight

Red Dot Sight: A type of reflex sight for firearms that uses a red light-emitting diode (LED) to project a reticle in the form of a red dot, providing a precise and easily visible aiming point. This sight is mounted on the firearm, typically above the receiver, and it allows the shooter to maintain a clear sight picture of the target while ensuring the dot stays aligned with the point of impact. Red dot sights are popular for their speed and ease of use, offering rapid target acquisition, particularly in dynamic environments where quick response time is essential. One of the main advantages of a red dot sight is that it enables both eyes to remain open while aiming, improving peripheral vision and situational awareness. This can be especially helpful for close-quarters combat, competitive shooting, and hunting, where fast reflexes and adaptability are crucial. The reticle can vary in shape (e.g., dot, circle, or combination) and size, and some advanced models offer features like adjustable magnification, windage and elevation adjustments, or night vision compatibility. Red dot sights are also highly regarded for their durability, often constructed from rugged materials that can withstand recoil, weather conditions, and rough handling. Some models even offer extended battery life and automatic brightness adjustment for optimal visibility in different lighting environments. Due to their versatility, red dot sights are commonly used in tactical, sport shooting, and hunting applications, providing both beginners and experienced shooters with a significant advantage in aiming accuracy and speed.
Reflector (Reflex) Sight: A non-magnifying optical sight that uses a partially reflecting lens to project a reticle, such as a crosshair or dot, onto the user’s field of view. The reticle appears to be superimposed on the target, allowing for faster and more accurate aiming without the need to align the sight in a traditional way. The sight is parallax-free, meaning the reticle remains on the target even when the shooter’s head position or angle shifts, providing enhanced accuracy. Invented in 1900, the reflex sight was not commonly used on firearms until the late 1970s when illuminated versions became reliable and widely available. These modern versions, often referred to simply as “reflex sights,” are especially valued for their speed and ease of use, allowing shooters to acquire targets quickly without losing sight of their surroundings. The illuminated reticle makes the sight effective in both low-light and bright conditions, and the design allows users to maintain peripheral vision, enhancing situational awareness. Reflex sights are used in a variety of shooting disciplines, including tactical, hunting, and sport shooting, offering advantages such as quick target acquisition, increased accuracy, and versatility. Many models offer features like adjustable brightness, shock resistance, and compact, lightweight construction for added convenience and durability in the field.
Reloading Die: A reloading die is a high-precision tool used in the ammunition reloading process to restore spent cartridge cases to a functional state for reuse. These dies are essential for reshaping, resizing, and preparing cases for reloading with fresh powder, primers, and projectiles. Each die serves a specific purpose, with common types including resizing dies to restore the case’s original dimensions, decapping dies to remove spent primers, and bullet seating dies to position the projectile accurately in the case. Crimping dies are also used to secure the bullet in place. Made from durable materials like steel or carbide, reloading dies ensure consistent and reliable cartridge performance by adhering to strict specifications, making them critical for maintaining both safety and precision in hand-loaded ammunition. The reloading die system is designed to handle multiple stages of reloading with a high degree of accuracy, providing users the flexibility to customize ammunition for various applications.
Reversed Bullet: A bullet placed backward in its cartridge, typically as a makeshift method of enhancing armor-piercing performance. By orienting the base of the projectile towards the front of the cartridge, the bullet’s design is altered to potentially increase its ability to penetrate certain armor types. When fired, this reversed configuration can cause the projectile to tumble upon impact, resulting in irregular penetration paths and possibly greater damage to soft tissue or structural components. While this modification may offer some performance benefits in specific scenarios, it is generally less reliable and effective than purpose-built armor-piercing ammunition, which is designed with specialized materials and engineering to achieve more consistent results. The reversed bullet is considered an unconventional, experimental technique and is not commonly used in modern military or law enforcement applications due to the availability of more advanced armor-piercing projectiles.

Colt King Cobra .357 Revolver, Colt Python .357 Revolver, and Henry Big Boy .357 Revolver – iconic, high-performance revolvers chambered in .357 Magnum, known for their accuracy, durability, and classic design in both hunting and defense

Colt King Cobra .357 Revolver Colt Python .357 Revolver Henry Big Boy .357 Revolvers

Revolver: A type of repeating firearm known for its rotating cylinder, which typically holds between five and nine rounds of ammunition, depending on the model. The cylinder rotates with each trigger pull, aligning a new round with the barrel for firing. Revolvers are widely praised for their mechanical simplicity, durability, and ease of use, making them a popular choice for both self-defense and recreational shooting. Unlike semi-automatic pistols, which automatically reload after each shot, revolvers require manual operation to rotate the cylinder. This feature eliminates the potential for misfeeds, offering enhanced reliability. While revolvers can have either single-action or double-action mechanisms, the latter allows for firing the weapon with a single pull of the trigger, while single-action requires the hammer to be manually cocked before firing. Revolvers are commonly used in personal defense, especially in situations requiring simple and intuitive firearm operation. They are also favored by many hunters and competitive shooters for their ruggedness, low maintenance, and accuracy. Revolvers are available in a wide range of calibers and configurations, from small-frame models for concealed carry to large-frame revolvers designed for hunting or target shooting. While they are not as fast to reload as semi-autos, their reliability and accuracy make them a trusted choice in various shooting disciplines.
Rib: A grooved or textured surface typically found on the top of a firearm’s barrel or receiver, designed to improve target acquisition by providing a visual reference for aligning the sights. The rib helps reduce glare and enhances sight alignment, making it easier for the shooter to maintain focus on the target. Often seen on shotguns, the rib can vary in design, with some featuring a ventilated pattern to reduce heat buildup and others having raised or tapered shapes to aid in quicker aiming and accuracy.
Ricochet: The deflection or rebound of a projectile off a surface after it strikes it, often at an angle. This phenomenon occurs when the projectile’s momentum is redirected, causing it to “skip” or bounce away from the impact point. Ricochets can happen with various surfaces, such as metal, stone, or concrete, and pose a potential hazard, as the projectile may travel unpredictably and at high speeds in a new direction. The behavior of ricochets is influenced by factors such as the projectile’s velocity, shape, and the angle at which it strikes the surface.
Rifle bedding: The process of securing the rifle’s action to the stock by filling any gaps between them with a high-strength, epoxy-based material. This custom-fit material ensures a solid, stable connection, enhancing the rifle’s accuracy and consistency by minimizing movement or flexing between the components. Bedding also improves the transfer of energy when firing, reducing stress on the action and barrel. Precision rifle bedding is particularly important for ensuring reliable performance in both hunting and competitive shooting, providing a more controlled and consistent shooting experience.
Rifle: A long-barreled firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, offering enhanced accuracy and precision compared to handguns. The rifled barrel, featuring spiral grooves inside, imparts a stabilizing spin to the projectile, allowing for more consistent trajectory and improved long-range performance. Rifles are versatile weapons commonly used for hunting, competitive shooting, law enforcement, and military applications where precision is crucial. Their longer barrel length provides greater velocity to projectiles, contributing to higher accuracy and energy transfer at extended distances. Rifles come in various calibers, from small varmint calibers to large-bore hunting and tactical calibers, with designs that cater to specific shooting needs. Their precision, power, and adaptability make rifles the go-to choice for precision shooting, whether for recreational activities or professional use.
Rifling: A series of spiral grooves cut into the interior of a firearm’s barrel, designed to impart a stabilizing spin to the projectile as it travels down the barrel. This spin, generated by the helical pattern of the grooves, helps to stabilize the projectile gyroscopically, enhancing its aerodynamic stability and accuracy during flight. Rifling plays a crucial role in improving long-range precision by preventing the bullet from tumbling, ensuring it maintains a consistent trajectory. The type, depth, and twist rate of the rifling can vary depending on the firearm’s intended use, influencing factors such as velocity, accuracy, and the type of ammunition it is optimized for.
Rimfire: Rimfire ammunition is characterized by the primer being located in the outer edge, or rim, of the cartridge base. When the firing pin strikes the rim, it causes the primer to ignite the propellant inside the cartridge, which then propels the projectile. This design eliminates the need for a separate primer at the center of the case, simplifying construction and lowering production costs. Rimfire cartridges, such as the .22 Long Rifle (.22 LR), are ideal for small-caliber firearms and are commonly used in pistols, rifles, and revolvers. Due to their simplicity and lower manufacturing cost, rimfire rounds are often favored for recreational activities like target shooting, plinking, and small-game hunting. The lower pressure and smaller size of rimfire cartridges contribute to lighter recoil, making them easier for shooters to handle, particularly for beginners. Rimfire rounds are often used for training purposes, as they are inexpensive compared to centerfire rounds, allowing for more extensive practice. Additionally, their reduced power and noise make them suitable for indoor ranges or areas where minimal disruption is desired. Despite their smaller power, rimfire rounds remain a reliable option for specific applications due to their practicality, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use.
Riot Gun: A firearm specifically designed or adapted to fire non-lethal projectiles, such as rubber bullets, bean bags, tear gas canisters, or smoke grenades. Primarily used by law enforcement or military personnel for crowd control, riot guns are intended to incapacitate, disorient, or disperse individuals without causing fatal harm. The projectiles fired from these guns are designed to deliver a forceful impact or disperse chemicals to control a crowd or subdue a threat at close range. Riot guns are typically smooth-bore shotguns, as their design allows for the safe discharge of less-lethal rounds while minimizing the risk of excessive penetration. They are often equipped with special ammunition, such as rubber slugs, foam rounds, or chemical irritants, to ensure they can safely handle various crowd control scenarios. Some riot guns are also fitted with adjustable choke tubes or specialized barrels to enhance accuracy or control the spread of non-lethal projectiles. In addition to their use in law enforcement, riot guns can also be employed by military units for similar purposes, particularly in situations where lethal force is not necessary or desirable. However, it’s important to note that while riot guns are considered non-lethal, they still have the potential to cause injury if used improperly or at close range, underscoring the importance of proper training and caution when deploying such weapons.
RKBA: Right to Keep and Bear Arms – the fundamental constitutional right, protected by the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees individuals the ability to own, possess, and carry firearms. This right is viewed as essential for self-defense, preserving personal liberty, and ensuring the ability to resist tyranny. RKBA advocates emphasize that this right is not just about hunting or sport shooting, but also about the broader principle of self-preservation and protection of individual freedoms. This right is often a point of legal and political debate, particularly around issues of gun control and public safety.
RN (Round Nose): A bullet design characterized by a smooth, rounded tip. Round nose bullets are commonly used for target shooting and general-purpose applications. They are known for their relatively simple design, which feeds reliably in semi-automatic firearms and offers stable flight characteristics. While they may not expand upon impact like hollow-point bullets, their smooth shape reduces the likelihood of jams or feeding issues in firearms.
Rolling Block: A type of firearm action where the breech is sealed by a rotating, circular breechblock that pivots around a pin. In this mechanism, the breechblock is locked in place by the hammer, which prevents the cartridge from moving backward upon firing. To reload the weapon, the hammer is cocked, which releases the breechblock, allowing it to rotate and open the chamber for the insertion of a new cartridge. This action is known for its simplicity, reliability, and ease of use, making it popular in single-shot rifles, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The rolling block design ensures a strong seal and safe operation by preventing gas and pressure from escaping the chamber during discharge.
Rotary Cannon: A type of autocannon featuring multiple rotating barrels that fire in succession, allowing for a higher rate of fire compared to single-barrel designs. The rotating mechanism ensures continuous firing while maintaining heat dissipation and reducing the risk of barrel overheating. When chambered for machine gun calibers, it is often referred to as a rotary machine gun. These weapons are commonly used in military applications, particularly on aircraft, vehicles, and naval platforms, due to their ability to deliver sustained firepower in a compact and efficient design. The rotary cannon’s unique design enhances reliability, rate of fire, and overall performance in combat situations.
Round: A single, complete cartridge consisting of a projectile (bullet), propellant (gunpowder), and primer, all enclosed in a casing. The round is designed to be loaded into a firearm and fired, with the firing pin striking the primer to ignite the propellant, launching the projectile toward the target. It is a commonly used term to refer to individual units of ammunition in firearms, including rifles, pistols, and shotguns.
RPM (Rounds Per Minute): A measurement used to indicate the rate at which a firearm or weapon can fire rounds in one minute. It is commonly used to describe the firing speed of automatic or semi-automatic firearms, with higher RPM values indicating faster rates of fire. This metric helps in understanding the weapon’s rate of sustained fire and its potential effectiveness in various combat or tactical scenarios.
Ruptured Case: A cartridge case that splits or bursts upon firing, often due to issues like excessive headspace, an oversized chamber, or fatigued, brittle brass. This malfunction is extremely dangerous, as it can cause hot gases, debris, and potentially even fragments of the case to be expelled toward the shooter, risking serious injury, including blindness. Ruptured cases can occur with improperly reloaded ammunition or older, worn-out firearms, and they emphasize the importance of regular firearm maintenance and using quality, well-maintained ammunition.

S

Sabot: A specialized device used in firearms to enable the firing of a projectile that is smaller in diameter than the barrel’s bore. The sabot surrounds the projectile, ensuring proper engagement with the rifling and providing stabilization during flight. Once the projectile exits the barrel, the sabot typically separates and falls away. Sabots are commonly used with shotgun slugs, high-velocity rounds, and certain military and hunting ammunition, allowing for the efficient transfer of energy to a smaller projectile, improving its accuracy and range.
Safety Selector: A safety selector is a crucial mechanism on firearms that enables the user to engage or disengage the safety function, preventing accidental discharge. It works by blocking or disabling the trigger or firing mechanism when engaged. Typically designed as a switch, lever, or button, the safety selector allows users to toggle between various modes, such as “safe” and “fire.” In some firearms, the safety selector may also include additional settings, such as semi-automatic, burst, or fully automatic fire modes, providing greater flexibility in the firearm’s operation. The safety selector is an essential feature for ensuring safe handling and preventing unintended discharges. Always verify the firearm’s selector position before handling or firing to ensure maximum safety.

Safety/Safety Selector

Safety: A safety is an essential feature in firearms, designed to prevent accidental discharge and ensure safe handling. It serves as a safeguard by preventing the firearm from firing unless the user intentionally deactivates the safety mechanism when ready to shoot. Firearm safeties can be divided into various types, such as internal and external safeties. Internal safeties are integrated into the firearm’s internal mechanism, such as a firing pin block or inertia block, which prevents the firing pin or hammer from striking the primer unless the trigger is pulled. These are typically passive systems that operate automatically when the firearm is loaded and ready to fire. External safeties are more user-controlled and include mechanical levers, buttons, or switches that can be toggled to engage or disengage the safety. Common examples include thumb safeties, which are often located on the side of the firearm, and lever safeties, which require the user to actively switch them to an “off” position to allow the weapon to fire. Some firearms also incorporate grip safeties, which require pressure to be applied to the grip before the weapon can be discharged, adding an additional layer of security against accidental firing. Modern firearms often include multiple safety features working in tandem to enhance security, such as a combination of internal mechanisms and external safety switches. Proper handling and familiarity with the firearm’s safety features are essential to ensuring safe operation. Always engage the safety when the firearm is not in use, and never rely solely on the safety mechanism as a substitute for responsible handling practices.
Sawed-off Shotgun / Sawn-off Shotgun / Short-Barreled Shotgun (SBS): A type of shotgun characterized by a significantly shortened barrel, often accompanied by a reduced or removed stock. This modification makes the firearm more compact and easier to maneuver in close quarters, especially in situations where space is limited. The shorter barrel reduces the overall length of the shotgun, making it easier to conceal, but it also decreases its effective range and accuracy at longer distances. The shortened barrel can cause the shot to spread more quickly, which may be beneficial in close-range defense or tactical situations where a wider shot pattern is desired. However, the reduced barrel length also increases recoil, which can impact the shooter’s ability to maintain control during rapid fire. Sawed-off shotguns are generally considered less accurate and have a higher muzzle flash and noise due to the shorter barrel. Legally, short-barreled shotguns (SBS) are heavily regulated in many regions under laws such as the National Firearms Act (NFA) in the United States, requiring special registration and tax stamps. In addition to the barrel length, the modification of the stock, which can be shortened or even eliminated, can further reduce the weapon’s overall length. Despite their controversial status, sawed-off shotguns have found use in law enforcement and military applications.

SBR (Short-Barreled Rifle) IWI Uzi Pro 9MM – a compact, high-performance firearm with a shortened barrel for increased maneuverability, chambered in 9mm, known for its durability and tactical versatility

IWI Uzi Pro 9MM Short-Barreled Rifle

SBR (Short-Barreled Rifle): A rifle with a barrel length shorter than 16 inches, classified by the ATF under the National Firearms Act (NFA). Due to its compact size, an SBR is subject to strict regulations and requires a tax stamp for legal ownership. Owners must undergo a background check, submit fingerprints, and pay a tax to legally possess an SBR. These firearms are considered restricted due to their enhanced maneuverability and potential for concealment, making them more difficult to regulate. Additionally, the shorter barrel of an SBR can affect ballistic performance, often resulting in decreased accuracy and velocity compared to longer-barreled rifles. Despite these trade-offs, SBRs are favored by law enforcement, military units, and some civilian gun enthusiasts for their portability and versatility in tight spaces, such as close-quarters combat, vehicle operations, and urban environments. While SBRs are highly effective in certain tactical applications, ownership and modifications to an SBR are heavily regulated to ensure compliance with federal laws regarding firearm safety and usage. A transfer of an SBR also involves a thorough approval process from the ATF, which can take several months. SBRs can be customized with various accessories, including suppressors, stocks, and optics, enhancing their functionality for specific tasks. Though once primarily used by military and law enforcement, civilian interest in SBRs has grown, often driven by the desire for firearms that balance firepower with portability. However, anyone interested in acquiring an SBR must understand and comply with all federal regulations governing these firearms to avoid legal consequences.

Weaver scope mounted on Savage Axis XP 6.5 Creedmoor bolt-action rifle – a precision optic designed to enhance accuracy and target acquisition on the Savage Axis, ideal for long-range shooting and hunting

Weaver Scope Mounted on a Savage Axis XP 6.5 Creedmoor Bolt Action Rifle

Scope: A telescopic sight mounted on top of a firearm that magnifies the target, allowing the shooter to achieve greater accuracy at extended distances. It typically features adjustable magnification, windage, and elevation controls, as well as various reticle designs to accommodate different shooting conditions. Scopes are commonly used for long-range shooting, hunting, and tactical applications, offering enhanced target identification and precise shot placement. Some scopes also include features like parallax adjustment and illuminated reticles to improve performance in low-light environments or at varying distances.
Sear: The sear is a critical component of a firearm’s firing mechanism that holds the hammer or striker in the cocked position. It engages with the hammer or striker, preventing it from moving forward until the trigger is pulled, releasing the sear and allowing the hammer or striker to strike the primer and discharge the round.
Selective Fire: A firearm capable of firing in multiple modes, typically including both semi-automatic and at least one automatic mode, with the selection determined by the shooter via a fire selector. The fire selector allows the user to choose between various modes of operation, including semi-automatic, where one round is fired per trigger pull, and fully automatic, where the weapon continues to fire as long as the trigger is held down. Some selective fire firearms also feature burst fire modes, which limit the number of rounds fired in a continuous burst, usually to two or three rounds per trigger pull. This feature is designed to help control the rate of fire and reduce ammunition wastage, while still offering the advantage of automatic fire when needed. Selective fire weapons are commonly used by military and law enforcement agencies for their versatility in different combat situations.
Selector: A mechanism on a selective fire weapon that enables the user to choose between different firing modes, such as semi-automatic, burst, or fully automatic. The selector allows for quick and easy adjustment, depending on the shooter’s needs and the tactical situation. Typically found as a switch, lever, or dial, the selector plays a crucial role in controlling the firearm’s rate of fire and ensuring the appropriate mode is engaged for the task at hand.
Semi-Automatic Pistol: A type of pistol that uses a single chamber and automatically reloads the next round into the chamber after each shot is fired. The shooter only needs to pull the trigger once for each shot, making it distinct from revolvers, which require manual operation to rotate the cylinder for the next round. Semi-automatic pistols are popular for self-defense, law enforcement, and sport shooting due to their ease of use, relatively quick follow-up shots, and compact design. These pistols function by utilizing the energy from the fired round to cycle the slide, ejecting the spent cartridge case and chambering a fresh round from the magazine. They typically feature a magazine that holds multiple rounds, allowing for extended shooting without needing to reload after each shot. The semi-automatic action ensures that the shooter can maintain a faster rate of fire compared to manually-operated firearms, while still maintaining precision and control. Modern semi-automatic pistols often incorporate various safety features such as manual safeties, grip safeties, or internal safety mechanisms to prevent accidental discharge. They come in various calibers and configurations, from compact concealed carry models to full-size service pistols, offering versatility for different applications.
Semi-Automatic: A firearm that automatically loads the next round into the chamber after a shot is fired, allowing the shooter to fire a single round each time the trigger is pulled. Unlike fully-automatic firearms, which continue to fire as long as the trigger is held down, semi-automatics require the shooter to release and pull the trigger again for each shot. This mechanism provides a balance between speed and accuracy, making semi-automatic firearms popular for a wide range of uses, including self-defense, hunting, law enforcement, and sport shooting. The semi-automatic design is often found in handguns, rifles, and shotguns. It is appreciated for its convenience and efficiency, as it eliminates the need for manual cycling of the action between shots. This allows shooters to maintain a higher rate of fire while retaining more control and accuracy compared to fully-automatic or burst-fire weapons. Despite the convenience, semi-automatic firearms require responsible handling, as they can deliver quick follow-up shots in a short amount of time. Many models feature safety mechanisms to prevent accidental discharge, such as manual safeties, grip safeties, or internal safety mechanisms that ensure the firearm cannot fire unless deliberate action is taken by the user. Additionally, the magazine capacity of semi-automatic firearms varies, with some designs offering larger magazines for extended shooting without frequent reloading.
Semi-Wadcutter (SWC): A versatile all-purpose bullet, commonly used in revolvers, that blends features of the wadcutter target bullet and traditional round-nosed revolver bullets. The SWC design is employed in both revolver and pistol cartridges for a range of activities, including hunting, target shooting, and plinking. The SWC typically features a conical, truncated nose with a flat point sitting atop a cylindrical body. This flat nose creates a clean, distinct hole in paper targets, unlike round-nose bullets, which tend to tear the paper. The sharp shoulder of the bullet further enlarges the hole, allowing for easy and precise scoring in target shooting competitions. In addition to its target-friendly design, the SWC offers superior external ballistics compared to the wadcutter due to its more aerodynamic conical shape. This reduced drag enhances its velocity and accuracy, making it suitable for both short- and long-range shooting. The SWC is favored for its balance between accurate target performance and effective stopping power in hunting applications.
Shall Issue: A “shall issue” law mandates that a state must issue a permit to an applicant who meets the legal requirements for carrying a firearm. In these states, the issuing agency has no discretion to deny the permit if the applicant meets all specified criteria, such as age, background checks, and other state-imposed conditions.
Shells: A colloquial term commonly used to refer to spent round casings left behind after a firearm has been discharged. In addition, “shells” is also used to describe shotgun ammunition, which consists of a cylindrical casing that contains the shot, powder, and primer. Shotgun shells come in various gauges and are designed for different types of shots, such as birdshot, buckshot, or slugs, depending on the intended use.
Shepherd’s Hook: A small, curved retaining spring commonly found in AK-style firearms, used to secure the hammer and trigger pins within the receiver. This simple yet essential component prevents the pins from shifting or coming loose during operation, ensuring the fire control group remains securely in place. The Shepherd’s Hook plays a critical role in maintaining the firearm’s reliability and proper function by minimizing the risk of pin movement, which could otherwise lead to malfunction or failure during firing.
Shooting Range: A dedicated facility designed for firearms practice, training, and proficiency testing. Shooting ranges can be indoor or outdoor and may accommodate various types of firearms, including handguns, rifles, and shotguns. They are equipped with designated firing lanes, backstops, and safety measures to ensure a controlled and secure shooting environment. Ranges often offer target systems, shooting benches, and training programs for recreational shooters, law enforcement, and competitive marksmen. Some facilities also provide rental firearms, ammunition, and instructional services to promote responsible gun handling and marksmanship skills. For recommended shooting ranges and certified firearms instructors in your area, contact Max Tactical Firearms, LLC.
Shooting Sticks: Adjustable, portable supports used to stabilize a firearm while aiming and shooting. Typically consisting of one (monopod), two (bipod), or three (tripod) legs, shooting sticks provide increased accuracy by reducing movement and offering a steady rest for the firearm. They are commonly used by hunters, long-range shooters, and precision marksmen in various terrains and shooting conditions.
Short-Barreled Rifle (SBR): A federally regulated firearm classification in the United States, defined as a shoulder-fired, rifled firearm with a barrel length of less than 16 inches (40.6 cm) or an overall length of less than 26 inches (66.0 cm). SBRs fall under the National Firearms Act (NFA) and require registration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), along with the payment of a tax stamp, before legal ownership or transfer. Max Tactical Firearms, LLC offers a great selection of SBRs, along with expert guidance on NFA regulations and compliance to ensure a smooth purchasing process.
Shotgun: A smoothbore or rifled firearm designed to fire shotshells, which can contain multiple small projectiles (shot) for widespread impact or a single large projectile (slug) for greater accuracy and stopping power. Shotguns are widely used for hunting, sport shooting, home defense, and law enforcement due to their versatility and effectiveness at close to medium ranges. They come in various action types, including pump-action, semi-automatic, break-action, and bolt-action, each offering unique advantages for different applications. Max Tactical Firearms, LLC offers a selection of more than 2,700 shotguns from the best brands.
Side-by-Side (SxS): A double-barreled shotgun configuration in which the barrels are arranged horizontally, positioned next to each other. This classic design is often favored for traditional hunting, sport shooting, and fine-crafted collectible firearms. Side-by-side shotguns typically feature double triggers or a single selective trigger, break-action operation, and elegant craftsmanship, making them a popular choice among enthusiasts and competitive shooters.
Sight Alignment: Sight alignment refers to the precise positioning of the front and rear sights in relation to the shooter’s eye, ensuring they are perfectly aligned to create a straight line from the firearm to the target. This alignment is crucial for accurate aiming at the moment the trigger is pulled.
Sight Picture: Sight picture is the visual representation the shooter observes when looking through the sights and aligning them with the target at the moment the trigger is pressed. It combines the sight alignment with the target, ensuring the correct focus and aim for an accurate shot.
Sighting In (or Sighting): The process of calibrating a firearm’s sights or optics to ensure the bullet’s point of impact aligns with the point of aim at a specific distance. This involves making precise adjustments to windage and elevation settings, typically by firing test shots and fine-tuning until accuracy is achieved. Proper sighting in is essential for consistent precision, whether using iron sights, red dots, or telescopic optics.
Silencer, Suppressor, Sound Suppressor, Sound Moderator, or “Hush Puppy”: A device attached to or integrated into a firearm’s barrel to reduce muzzle noise, recoil, and muzzle flash when firing. It works by trapping and dissipating the expanding gases released upon firing, slowing their exit from the muzzle, which significantly decreases the sound signature. Suppressors can vary in design, utilizing internal baffles, expansion chambers, or wipes to redirect and cool the gases. While often associated with stealth operations, they serve practical purposes in civilian, military, and law enforcement use by protecting hearing, reducing shooter fatigue, improving accuracy through recoil mitigation, and minimizing environmental disturbance. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) officially refers to these devices as “silencers” in legal and regulatory contexts, as originally termed in Hiram Percy Maxim’s 1909 patent. Some jurisdictions heavily regulate silencers, requiring special permits for ownership, while others recognize their benefits in hunting, sport shooting, and tactical applications.
Single-Action (SA): Commonly referring to a pistol or revolver, a single-action (SA) mechanism requires the shooter to manually cock the hammer before each shot. Once cocked, pulling the trigger releases the hammer, firing the round. Because the trigger performs only a single function—releasing the hammer—single-action firearms typically have a lighter, crisper trigger pull, which can enhance accuracy and control. This design is characteristic of classic revolvers like the Colt Single Action Army and many early semi-automatic pistols, such as the M1911. Single-action firearms are widely used in cowboy action shooting, historical reenactments, and precision shooting sports. While they require deliberate cocking before each shot in revolvers, single-action semi-automatic pistols often re-cock the hammer automatically after firing, requiring only a trigger pull for subsequent shots. See also: Double-Action.
Single-Shot: A firearm designed to hold and fire only one round of ammunition at a time, requiring manual reloading after each shot. Single-shot firearms can be found in various configurations, including rifles, shotguns, and pistols, and often feature break-action, rolling block, falling block, or bolt-action mechanisms. Known for their simplicity, reliability, and ease of maintenance, single-shot firearms are commonly used in hunting, target shooting, and training new shooters. Their design encourages precise shot placement and marksmanship, as each round must be carefully chosen and placed before firing.
Single-Stage Trigger: A trigger mechanism that delivers a smooth, consistent pull with no pre-travel or slack, breaking cleanly as soon as the required pressure is applied. When the required pressure is reached, the shot is released immediately. Known for its simplicity and predictability, a single-stage trigger offers a direct and responsive feel, making it ideal for precise shooting. This type of trigger is commonly used in rifles, particularly for precision shooting and tactical applications, where a clean, crisp trigger break is essential for accuracy and control.
SJHP (Semi-Jacketed Hollow Point): A type of bullet design where the projectile has a partially jacketed exterior with a hollow point. The jacket covers the rear and sides of the bullet, leaving the tip exposed. Upon impact, the hollow point expands, enhancing the bullet’s ability to cause greater tissue damage, while the jacket helps maintain structural integrity during flight and penetration.
Slamfire: A premature, unintended discharge of a firearm that occurs when a round is being chambered. This typically happens when the firing pin strikes the primer of a cartridge before the firearm is fully locked, often due to a malfunction or excess force applied to the bolt or action. Slamfires are more common in firearms with certain types of firing mechanisms, such as older or poorly maintained firearms, and can pose serious safety risks, as the discharge can happen without the trigger being pulled. It’s important to address any malfunction or improper handling to prevent slamfires from occurring.
Sleeving: A process in which a new tube or liner is inserted into a worn-out or damaged firearm barrel to restore its functionality. This method is commonly used to extend the lifespan of a barrel by fitting it with a precision-machined sleeve, which improves accuracy and ensures safe operation without the need for a complete barrel replacement. Sleeving is often performed on firearms with significant wear or when rebarreling is not feasible or cost-effective.
Slide Bite (or Snake Bite): A condition akin to hammer bite, where the web of the shooter’s hand is injured—typically cut or abraded—by the rearward motion of a semi-automatic pistol’s slide, rather than the hammer. This commonly occurs with compact pistols, especially those with a shortened grip tang, which creates less clearance between the shooter’s hand and the moving slide. The issue can be further aggravated by sharp edges or rough machining on the firearm, increasing the risk of injury during recoil or rapid firing.
Slide Lock: When a semi-automatic firearm is fired until the last round is expended, the slide will lock in the rearmost position. This action occurs due to the design of the firearm’s slide stop, which is engaged once the magazine is emptied. The slide lock serves as a visual and tactile indicator that the firearm is out of ammunition. To continue firing, the user must either reload the magazine or insert a new one. This feature also helps prevent damage to the firearm by ensuring the slide doesn’t move forward without a round in the chamber. Additionally, slide lock is a crucial part of proper firearm operation, aiding the shooter in reloading quickly and efficiently during engagements.
Slide Release: The slide release, typically located on the left side of the firearm’s slide, is a lever that, when pressed, unlocks the slide and allows it to move forward into its normal operating position. This action is often required after the firearm has been locked back in the slide lock position following the last round being fired. The slide release is also sometimes referred to as the slide stop or slide stop lever. It enables a shooter to quickly chamber a round from a loaded magazine and return the firearm to a ready state.
Slide Stop: The slide stop, often referred to as the slide release lever, is a component on semi-automatic firearms that holds the slide in its rearward position after the last round has been fired. It can also be used to manually lock the slide back during loading or inspection. When pressed or engaged, the slide stop allows the slide to move forward, enabling the firearm to load a round from the magazine and return to its operational state.
Slide: The upper portion of an automatic pistol that moves rearward and forward during recoil. The slide is a critical component, housing essential parts such as the barrel, firing pin, extractor, and guide rod. Its movement is integral to the pistol’s cycling process, enabling functions like chambering a round, ejecting spent casings, and resetting the firing mechanism after each shot. The design and function of the slide are crucial for the pistol’s overall reliability and performance.
Sling: A strap or harness designed to allow an operator to comfortably carry a firearm, typically a long gun such as a rifle, carbine, shotgun, or submachine gun, securely on their person. Slings help distribute the weight of the firearm, reducing fatigue during extended periods of carry. Additionally, slings provide enhanced accessibility, allowing the operator to quickly transition between carrying and shooting positions. When properly adjusted, a sling can also improve shooting stability by providing support to the firearm, aiding in greater accuracy, recoil management, and overall control, particularly during dynamic movements or when engaging targets at various distances. Some slings also feature quick-adjust mechanisms for rapid repositioning, offering flexibility in different tactical scenarios.
Smokeless Powder: A modern propellant that generates significantly less smoke than traditional black powder, making it safer and more efficient. Smokeless powder is more potent, providing greater energy and pressure in a smaller volume, which allows for higher velocities and more reliable performance in firearms. Its reduced smoke production also improves visibility during shooting, making it ideal for both military and civilian use.
Snap Cap: A snap cap is a type of inert, ammunition-shaped device used primarily for dry fire practice or to simulate malfunctions such as misfeeds and failures to eject. These dummy rounds are designed to protect the firing pin and chamber from damage during dry firing, especially in firearms that may be sensitive to repetitive striking. Some users also utilize snap caps to practice malfunction drills, allowing for a more realistic training experience without the need for live ammunition.
Snub-Nosed Revolver: A type of revolver characterized by a very short barrel, typically ranging from 1.5 to 3 inches in length. This compact design makes it highly concealable and easy to carry, often preferred for personal defense or as a backup weapon. Despite the shorter barrel, snub-nosed revolvers are known for their reliability and simplicity, though their reduced barrel length may result in a decrease in accuracy and muzzle velocity compared to longer-barreled revolvers.
SOB (Small of Back): The term “Small of Back” refers to a holster position where the firearm is carried in the lower back area, typically just above the waistband. This carry method is popular for those seeking a discreet and accessible way to carry their firearm, though it can present challenges such as potential discomfort or difficulty in drawing the weapon quickly. The SOB position is often used for concealed carry, as it allows for easier concealment under a cover garment.
Sound Moderator: A muzzle device designed to reduce the noise produced when a firearm is discharged by dampening the sound of the expanding gases. While similar in function to a suppressor, a sound moderator typically offers less noise reduction and is often used in regions where suppressors are restricted or regulated. Unlike a suppressor, which is engineered to significantly lower the sound signature of a firearm, a sound moderator generally focuses more on mitigating the sharpness of the sound rather than drastically reducing it.
Speed Strip: A speed strip is a flat, flexible piece of rubber designed to securely hold revolver cartridges, allowing for quick and efficient reloading. Its compact design makes it ideal for concealed carry, as it can easily lie flat in a pocket without adding bulk, providing a discreet option for carrying extra ammunition. When it’s time to reload, the speed strip offers a faster and more organized solution compared to searching for loose rounds, allowing the user to load the revolver’s cylinder with a smooth, efficient motion.
Speedloader: A device designed to quickly load a firearm or firearm magazine with loose ammunition, significantly reducing reloading time and improving efficiency. Speedloaders are most commonly used for revolvers, allowing the operator to load all chambers of the cylinder simultaneously with a single motion. This is particularly useful in high-stress situations where time is critical. Revolver speedloaders are typically used for firearms with either swing-out cylinders or top-break cylinders, and they come in various designs, such as the traditional “H” and “J” shaped loaders or more modern, cylindrical models. In addition to revolvers, speedloaders are also used for loading fixed tubular magazines in shotguns and rifles, or for box and drum magazines in certain firearm types. Some speedloaders feature mechanisms that hold multiple rounds at once, making the reloading process smoother and more efficient. In the case of box and drum magazines, speedloaders can eliminate the need to load rounds one by one, enhancing speed and accuracy in reloading. For competitive shooters, law enforcement, and military personnel, speedloaders are invaluable tools that ensure a faster, more reliable reloading process when every second counts.
Spitzer Bullet: An aerodynamic bullet design characterized by a pointed, streamlined shape that reduces air resistance and improves long-range accuracy. The spitzer design typically features a sharp, tapered nose, allowing the bullet to maintain a flatter trajectory and greater velocity over extended distances compared to traditional round-nose bullets. This design is commonly used in high-velocity firearms, such as rifles, where precision and energy retention are crucial for effective long-range shooting.
Sporterising (or Sporterisation/Sporterization): The process of modifying military-type firearms to make them suitable for civilian sporting use or to comply with legal requirements. This typically involves altering or removing military-specific features, such as bayonet lugs, flash suppressors, or fully automatic capabilities, and replacing them with components designed for hunting, target shooting, or other recreational activities. The goal of sporterising is to create a more civilian-friendly firearm while retaining its functionality and historical value. This practice is commonly applied to surplus military rifles, making them more accessible and legally compliant for civilian ownership and use.
Squib Load (also known as Squib Round, Pop and No Kick, or simply Squib): A firearm malfunction where a fired projectile lacks sufficient force to exit the barrel, causing it to become lodged inside. This occurs due to insufficient powder charge, a misfire, or other issues with the ammunition. A squib load makes the firearm unsafe to operate, as the lodged projectile can block subsequent rounds from being fired and potentially cause a dangerous obstruction. Immediate attention is required to safely remove the projectile before firing the weapon again. Ignoring a squib load can result in serious damage to the firearm or injury to the shooter.
Staggered Column Magazine: Also known as a “Double-Stacked” magazine, this type of box magazine features two columns of cartridges arranged in a staggered pattern. This design allows for a higher ammunition capacity without increasing the overall length of the magazine, making it more compact and efficient while still offering the benefit of additional rounds. The staggered column design is common in many modern firearms, especially semi-automatic pistols and rifles.
Stock Wrap: A protective covering or padding applied to the stock of a rifle, often made from materials such as rubber, neoprene, cloth, or leather. The stock wrap serves multiple purposes, including enhancing comfort, improving grip, reducing recoil impact, and protecting the stock from scratches, moisture, and general wear. Some stock wraps are designed with additional features, such as built-in cartridge holders, allowing the shooter to carry extra ammunition conveniently. These wraps can also provide aesthetic customization, offering a more personalized or camouflaged look. Stock wraps are commonly used by hunters, tactical shooters, or anyone seeking improved functionality and durability for their rifle.
Stock: The part of a rifle or other firearm that provides support and stability by connecting the barrel and firing mechanism to the shooter. Designed to be held against the shoulder, the stock helps the shooter maintain control, absorb recoil, and accurately aim the firearm. It plays a critical role in the firearm’s ergonomics, ensuring proper alignment, comfort, and precision during use. Stocks can vary in design, from traditional wood to modern synthetic materials, and may feature adjustable components to accommodate different shooters and shooting styles.
Stopping Power: The effectiveness of a firearm or other weapon in delivering a ballistic injury that is severe enough to immediately incapacitate a target, whether human or animal. This concept typically refers to the ability of the weapon’s projectile to cause sufficient trauma to disrupt the target’s ability to continue functioning, usually by damaging vital organs, nervous systems, or other critical structures. Stopping power is influenced by factors such as bullet caliber, velocity, design, and shot placement, with the goal of neutralizing the threat quickly and effectively.
Stovepipe: A type of malfunction in which a spent cartridge casing becomes lodged vertically between the breech face and the slide, preventing the firearm from properly cycling. This typically occurs when the ejected case does not fully clear the ejection port and ends up stuck in an upright position, resembling a stovepipe. It can interrupt the firing cycle and requires clearing to restore proper function.
Striker Fired: A striker-fired firearm utilizes an internal striker to ignite the primer and fire the round, eliminating the need for a traditional hammer and firing pin mechanism. When the trigger is pulled, the striker is released, striking the primer directly to initiate ignition. This system provides a consistent, smooth trigger pull, as there are no external components involved in the firing process, which reduces the risk of mechanical failure. Striker-fired mechanisms are widely praised for their simplicity, reliability, and faster lock time, making them especially popular in handguns and modern rifles where quick and precise firing is crucial. Additionally, striker-fired firearms often feature a streamlined design, with fewer moving parts, making maintenance easier and enhancing durability under rigorous conditions. The absence of an external hammer also reduces the risk of accidental discharge, further increasing the safety profile of these firearms.
Stripped Upper Receiver: The portion of an AR-15 platform to which the barrel and other components attach. A stripped upper receiver is devoid of any internal or external functional parts, such as the barrel, bolt carrier group, dust cover, or sights. It provides the basic framework for assembly and customization, allowing users to build or modify their firearm with various components to suit their needs.
Stripper Clip: A type of speedloader designed to hold multiple cartridges together in a single, compact unit, facilitating faster and more efficient loading of a firearm’s magazine. The stripper clip is typically used to load ammunition into bolt-action or semi-automatic rifles, allowing the user to quickly transfer rounds from the clip into the magazine. Once the cartridges are loaded, the clip is removed, making it a convenient tool for high-volume shooting or military applications where rapid reloading is essential.
Submachine Gun: A compact, automatic firearm designed to fire pistol cartridges, typically from a magazine. Submachine guns combine the rapid fire capabilities of a machine gun with the portability and ease of use of a handgun, making them ideal for close-quarters combat, tactical operations, and law enforcement use. They offer a high rate of fire, often in fully automatic or selective-fire modes, while maintaining a relatively lightweight and manageable size compared to larger rifles. Submachine guns are popular for their versatility, offering both mobility and firepower in confined spaces.
Subsonic: Subsonic ammunition is specifically engineered to travel at speeds slower than the speed of sound, generally under 1,125 feet per second, though this can vary with atmospheric conditions. This design eliminates the sharp “crack” produced by a sonic boom, resulting in quieter shots. Subsonic rounds are especially effective when used with suppressors, providing significantly reduced noise levels, making them ideal for stealth in hunting, tactical operations, or recreational shooting, where discretion is key.
Swage: The process of shaping or reducing an item in size by forcing it through a die or mold under pressure. In the context of internal ballistics, swaging refers to the deformation of a bullet as it is forced into the rifling of the barrel by the expanding gases produced when the powder ignites. This process helps ensure a tight fit between the bullet and barrel, allowing the rifling to impart a spin to the projectile, which improves its accuracy and stability during flight. Swaging is crucial for optimizing the bullet’s performance and ensuring consistent pressure for effective propulsion.
Swaged Bullet: A bullet that is shaped by forcing a soft metal slug into a die under high pressure, causing it to conform to the desired shape and size. This process allows for precise control over the bullet’s dimensions and weight, producing a uniform and consistent projectile. Swaging is typically used to create high-quality, precision bullets, often for reloading, as it can result in a smoother surface and improved accuracy. Unlike traditional casting methods, swaging does not require heating the metal, which can help preserve its integrity and improve performance in the firearm.
Swaged Choke: A type of shotgun choke that is formed by a swaging process, where the outer portion of the barrel is compressed to create a constriction at the muzzle. This constriction tightens the spread of the shot, allowing for more precise targeting and increased range. The swaging process ensures uniformity in the choke’s dimensions, providing consistent shot patterns. Swaged chokes are often used to optimize the performance of a shotgun, particularly for hunting or competitive shooting, by enhancing accuracy and controlling the dispersion of shot.
Swaged Rifling: A type of rifling in a firearm barrel created through a swaging process, such as button rifling, where a hard, precision tool is pressed through the barrel to imprint the rifling grooves. This process reshapes the barrel’s interior, ensuring the grooves are uniform and precisely formed. Swaged rifling helps improve accuracy by imparting a consistent spin on the projectile, stabilizing its flight path. The swaging method offers advantages in terms of precision and durability, often resulting in smoother rifling that reduces barrel wear over time while enhancing overall firearm performance.
Synchronization Gear: A mechanism commonly used on aircraft that enables the weapon to fire through the rotating propeller without damaging the blades. This device is designed to synchronize the firing of the weapon with the rotation of the propeller, ensuring that the bullets pass between the blades during their rotation. The term “synchronization gear” can also refer to a rate-of-fire moderator, which adjusts the firing rate of the weapon to match the propeller’s rotation speed, preventing any collisions between the rounds and the blades. This system is crucial for aircraft-mounted guns, allowing for effective targeting without risking damage to the aircraft’s engine components.

T

Tack Driver: A term used in the firearms industry to describe a firearm, typically a rifle or pistol, that is exceptionally accurate and capable of consistently placing shots in tight groupings, often with minimal deviation. The phrase “tack driver” implies the firearm’s precision, as if it could drive a tack into a target with pinpoint accuracy. This term is used to highlight a gun’s superior accuracy, regardless of its form or intended use, and is often associated with firearms designed for long-range shooting or competition.
Tactical Reload: A tactical reload is performed during a lull in a gunfight when there is an opportunity to bring your firearm back to its full ammo capacity, ensuring you are ready for further engagement. Recognizing that you’ve expended some ammunition, you seek cover or concealment for safety. From there, you remove the partially spent magazine and replace it with a full one to maximize your firearm’s readiness. In the case of a revolver, you either replace the spent cartridges or dump the spent rounds into your hand, ensuring you keep any live rounds. Using a speed loader, you quickly reload the cylinder to be prepared for the next phase of the encounter. Tactical reloads are critical for maintaining an operational advantage, as they help ensure that you are always equipped with a fully loaded firearm, minimizing the need for emergency reloading under pressure. The goal is to keep your firearm topped off without losing valuable time during the fight, prioritizing both efficiency and safety.
Tannerite: Tannerite is a brand of binary explosive targets composed of ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder. When struck by a high-velocity projectile, such as a rifle round, the mixture detonates, producing a visible explosion. This creates an exciting and dramatic effect, making it popular in shooting sports for long-range target practice and recreational shooting. Tannerite is designed to be safe and stable when used properly, with no risk of accidental detonation unless hit by a sufficiently fast projectile. Its use offers a rewarding visual feedback for shooters, enhancing precision and enjoyment in target shooting activities.
Tapering: The gradual narrowing of firearm components to a conical shape, commonly seen in parts such as barrels and cartridges. In barrels, tapering refers to the slight reduction in diameter from the breech to the muzzle, which can help improve handling and precision. In cartridges, tapering refers to the shape of the case, where the diameter decreases as it moves toward the neck or the bullet. This design aids in smooth chambering and feeding, contributing to better firearm reliability and performance.
Tap, Rack, Bang: “Tap, Rack, Bang” is a quick, efficient procedure used to clear a misfeed or failure to cycle in a semi-automatic firearm. First, tap the base of the magazine firmly to ensure it’s fully seated in the mag well, eliminating the possibility of a magazine issue. Next, rack the slide back to eject any jammed or spent cartridge and chamber a new round. Finally, bang—after assessing the situation to confirm that your target still requires engagement, you fire the weapon with confidence. This drill is a vital skill for shooters to maintain their speed and effectiveness in real-world situations, allowing them to clear common malfunctions swiftly and return to the fight without hesitation. Tap, Rack, Bang minimizes downtime and keeps you in action, whether at the range or in a high-stress encounter.
Tax Stamp: A federally required approval and fee issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) for the purchase, transfer, and ownership of National Firearms Act (NFA)-regulated items, such as suppressors, short-barreled rifles (SBRs), and machine guns. The tax stamp process involves a detailed background check, fingerprint submission, and approval from the ATF, with the stamp serving as formal authorization to legally possess these restricted firearms or accessories. The approval time for a tax stamp can vary, often taking several months, depending on factors such as workload, processing times, and the type of application filing (paper or electronic). For current wait times, refer to the ATF’s website.
Taylor KO Factor: A mathematical formula used to assess the stopping power of hunting cartridges, emphasizing cartridges with high momentum and larger bullet diameters. The Taylor Knock-Out (KO) Factor considers both the bullet’s weight and velocity, providing a numerical value that helps predict a cartridge’s effectiveness in delivering a quick, humane kill on big game. The higher the KO factor, the greater the potential for the cartridge to incapacitate the target swiftly. This factor is widely used by hunters to compare the effectiveness of different cartridges in real-world hunting scenarios.
Teflon: Teflon is a trademarked name for a synthetic polymer that is occasionally used to coat bullets in order to reduce friction and protect the rifling of the firearm barrel. Other synthetic materials, such as nylon, are also used as bullet coatings for similar purposes. These coatings are designed to improve the performance and longevity of both the bullet and the firearm, but they do not influence the lethality or effectiveness of the bullet itself. The use of such coatings primarily serves as a protective measure for the firearm, not a means of enhancing the bullet’s destructive capability.
Telescoping Stock (or Collapsing Stock): A firearm stock design that allows the length of the stock to be adjusted by sliding or folding it in on itself, making the firearm more compact. Telescoping stocks offer versatility by enabling users to shorten the overall length of the weapon for easier storage, transport, or better maneuverability in tight spaces. These stocks are commonly found on modern rifles and shotguns, particularly in tactical or military applications, as they provide quick adjustability for different users or shooting positions, while also making the firearm more versatile for various environments.
Terminal Ballistics: A sub-discipline of ballistics focused on the behavior and effects of a projectile upon impact with its target. This field examines how factors such as bullet design, velocity, and target composition influence the projectile’s performance after it strikes the target, including penetration, expansion, energy transfer, and potential tissue damage. Terminal ballistics plays a critical role in evaluating the effectiveness of ammunition for various purposes, such as hunting, self-defense, and military applications.
Thumb Break: A thumb break is a retention mechanism incorporated into some holsters, designed to secure the firearm in place. It consists of a strap or loop of holster material that must be unsnapped or disengaged before the gun can be drawn. The name “thumb break” comes from the fact that the shooter typically uses their thumb to release the strap, allowing them to access the firearm quickly and securely. This feature enhances retention, providing an extra layer of security against accidental firearm removal.
Thumb Safety: A thumb safety is an external, manual safety mechanism commonly found on firearms, designed to be disengaged with the shooter’s thumb. Located near the back of the slide or frame, it is typically activated or deactivated by the thumb of the firing hand. This safety prevents the firearm from firing unless intentionally disengaged, providing an additional layer of security against accidental discharge.
Throat Erosion (Firearms): The wear and degradation of the portion of the barrel where the highest gas pressure and heat occur as the projectile exits the chamber. Throat erosion typically happens in the area just in front of the chamber, where the intense forces from the expanding gases accelerate the wearing of the barrel’s rifling. The severity of throat erosion increases with higher chamber pressures, such as those generated by powerful cartridges. This process is further exacerbated by rapid or sustained firing, which generates excessive heat, causing the barrel’s steel to weaken over time and leading to decreased accuracy and firearm performance.
TMJ (Total Metal Jacket): Total Metal Jacket (TMJ) refers to a type of bullet design where the lead core is fully encased in a metal jacket, including the base of the projectile. This design reduces lead exposure and minimizes barrel fouling by preventing lead from being exposed to the air or the rifling of the barrel. TMJ bullets are often used in situations where the shooter wants to limit the amount of lead dust or airborne contaminants during firing, making them a popular choice for indoor ranges and certain types of training.
Transfer Bar: The transfer bar is a safety feature commonly found in revolvers. It is a metal bar that serves as an intermediary between the hammer and the firing pin. The bar rises into position only when the trigger is pulled, allowing the hammer’s force to be transferred to the firing pin. This prevents accidental discharges by ensuring that the firing pin can only strike the primer when the trigger is intentionally pulled. The transfer bar mechanism helps improve firearm safety by preventing unintentional firing, particularly in the event of a drop or impact.
Trajectory: In the context of firearms, trajectory refers to the path or arc that a bullet follows after it exits the muzzle of the firearm, from the moment of discharge until it strikes the target. The trajectory is influenced by various factors, including the bullet’s velocity, the angle of fire, gravity, air resistance, and environmental conditions such as wind, temperature, and humidity. The trajectory is not a straight line but rather a curve, typically described as a parabola, with the bullet initially rising before being pulled down by gravity. Understanding a bullet’s trajectory is crucial for shooters to make the necessary adjustments for bullet drop, wind drift, and other external factors, particularly in long-range shooting, precision shooting, or hunting. Shooters often use ballistic calculators or trajectory charts to predict the bullet’s path based on factors such as the caliber, bullet type, velocity, and range. Advanced optics, such as scopes with reticle markings or adjustable turrets, also aid in compensating for trajectory when aiming at distant targets. Additionally, understanding how different ammunition types, barrel lengths, and firearm conditions affect trajectory helps shooters optimize accuracy for specific tasks.
Trigger Guard: A trigger guard is a protective metal loop or shield surrounding the trigger of a firearm. Its primary function is to prevent accidental or unintended trigger engagement, offering protection against contact with the trigger while the firearm is in use or being carried. The trigger guard also provides additional safety when handling the firearm, ensuring that the trigger is not inadvertently activated due to external factors, such as clothing or debris. It is an essential feature in most firearms, designed to enhance user safety.
Trigger Pin: A small yet crucial component located in a firearm’s lower receiver, the trigger pin serves to secure the trigger assembly in place. It ensures the proper alignment and stability of the trigger mechanism during operation, contributing to reliable firearm function and safe firing. The pin also prevents any unwanted movement or misalignment of the trigger components, which could lead to malfunctions or unsafe handling. Trigger pins are typically made of durable materials such as steel to withstand the forces generated during firing and are designed for easy removal or replacement during firearm maintenance.
Trigger Pull Restrictor (TPR): A device designed for automatic firearms equipped with a staged or two-stage trigger mechanism. The TPR functions as a quasi-selector, limiting the amount of trigger pull needed to engage the firearm’s firing mode. It effectively restricts the trigger movement, often to prevent unintentional activation or to provide a more controlled and deliberate firing process. This device is commonly used in firearms where a selective fire mode, such as semi-automatic or fully automatic, is desired, ensuring that the user can maintain better control during rapid or sustained fire.
Trigger Pull: The trigger pull refers to the entire motion of moving the trigger from its forward position to its rearward position. This action causes the firing mechanism, such as the hammer or striker, to engage, ultimately discharging the firearm. The quality of the trigger pull, including its smoothness, weight, and resistance, can greatly influence the shooter’s accuracy and control over the firearm. The consistency and feel of the trigger pull are important factors in firearm design and user experience.
Trigger Pull Weight: Trigger pull weight refers to the amount of force the shooter needs to apply to the trigger before the firearm will discharge. This weight is typically measured in pounds and ounces, and it plays a significant role in the firearm’s overall performance and shooter’s accuracy. A lighter trigger pull can offer faster response time, while a heavier pull may provide greater control and prevent accidental discharges. The ideal trigger pull weight varies depending on the shooter’s preference, the type of firearm, and the intended use.
Trigger Safety: A passive, external safety feature integrated into the face of some trigger designs, most commonly seen on Glock firearms. The trigger safety is designed to prevent accidental discharge by ensuring the trigger cannot be pulled unless the safety mechanism is properly depressed. It functions by blocking the trigger’s movement unless direct pressure from the shooter’s finger is applied, helping to reduce the risk of unintended firing due to contact with foreign objects in the trigger guard area.
Trigger: A mechanical component that initiates the firing sequence of a firearm. Typically designed as a lever or button, the trigger is most often activated by the shooter’s index finger. When the trigger is pulled, it engages the firing mechanism, releasing the hammer or striker to ignite the primer, thus firing the cartridge. Triggers vary widely in design, with differences in pull weight (how much force is needed to pull the trigger), travel (the distance the trigger moves before firing), and reset (the point at which the trigger resets for the next shot). The trigger’s characteristics can significantly influence the firearm’s performance, precision, and shooter comfort. For example, a lighter trigger pull may improve accuracy for precision shooting, while a heavier pull might reduce the chance of an accidental discharge. Specialized triggers are often used in competition, hunting, or tactical firearms to optimize performance for specific applications.
Trunnion: A cylindrical protrusion or mounting point used to anchor or pivot components within a firearm. On many AK-style rifles, the barrel is secured in a trunnion, which then attaches to the receiver. This component serves as a critical part of the firearm’s structural integrity, providing a stable and secure connection between key elements such as the barrel and receiver. Trunnions are commonly found in AK-style rifles and other firearms that require robust mounting systems to handle recoil forces and ensure consistent performance. They can also serve as pivot points for rotating parts, such as the action in a break-action firearm.
Turn Bolt: A turn bolt is a type of bolt mechanism in which the entire bolt, rather than a separate bolt carrier, rotates to lock and unlock the firearm’s chamber. This design is primarily found in manually operated bolt-action firearms, where the shooter manually rotates the bolt to chamber a round or extract a spent cartridge. However, turn bolts can also be seen in some automatic firearms, where they serve a similar function in cycling the action. The turn bolt system is known for its simplicity and reliability, making it a popular choice for hunting rifles and precision firearms.
Two-Stage Trigger: A firearm trigger system designed for enhanced control and precision, featuring two distinct stages. The first stage involves a light, smooth take-up that gradually engages the trigger mechanism, while the second stage provides a more definitive, crisp break just before the shot is fired. This design allows the shooter to feel a clear point of resistance, offering greater control over the release of the shot, which is especially beneficial for precision shooting and reducing the chances of pulling or jerking the trigger. Two-stage triggers are commonly found in rifles used for target shooting, long-range hunting, and tactical applications.

U

Underlug: The underlug is a structural component found in both break-action firearms and revolvers. In break-action firearms, it refers to the locking lugs located beneath the barrels, extending from the bottom of the chamber(s) and engaging with the receiver to securely lock the barrels in place during firing. This ensures the firearm remains safely closed and stable under recoil. In revolvers, the underlug is a metal shroud beneath the barrel that surrounds and protects the extractor rod. It comes in two variations: half-lug, which extends only along the length of the extractor rod, and full-lug, which runs the entire length of the barrel. Full-lugs offer enhanced strength, improved weight distribution, and better recoil management, contributing to the revolver’s durability and overall balance.
Underwater Firearm: A specialized firearm designed and engineered for operation in underwater environments. These firearms are built to function effectively in water, often using unique propulsion systems or ammunition that can maintain velocity and accuracy despite the resistance and density of water. Underwater firearms are typically used by military or special forces personnel for tactical operations, such as underwater combat or demolition tasks. They are capable of firing in extreme conditions without the risk of malfunction due to water exposure.
Upper Parts Kit: An AR-15 Upper Parts Kit is a collection of essential components designed to assemble or replace the upper receiver of an AR-15 platform rifle. It typically includes a charging handle, dust cover, forward assist, and may also contain other small parts such as the ejection port cover, retaining pins, and springs. These components are crucial for the proper function and reliability of the upper receiver, ensuring smooth cycling and effective operation of the firearm. Upper parts kits are commonly used for building custom rifles or maintaining and upgrading existing ones.
Upper Receiver: The upper receiver of an AR-15 is the top half of the rifle’s frame, housing critical components such as the barrel, bolt carrier group, charging handle, and gas system. It also accommodates accessories like the handguard, ejection port cover, and gas block. This part plays a vital role in the firearm’s operation, facilitating the cycling of the action and housing the firing mechanism, as well as ensuring proper alignment of the barrel with the lower receiver. The upper receiver is integral to both the rifle’s functionality and its customization potential, with options for various handguards, rails, and muzzle devices.
Upset Forging: Upset forging is a metalworking process used to increase the diameter or cross-sectional area of a workpiece by compressing its length. This is typically achieved by applying localized force to one end of the material, causing the metal to “upset” or bulge outward in the opposite direction. The process is commonly used for producing components such as bolts, fasteners, and other parts requiring increased mass or strength in a specific area. Upset forging is often performed using a die, hammer, or press, with the material being heated to a specific temperature to enhance its malleability. This method improves material density and strength while preserving the overall integrity of the workpiece, making it an efficient choice for high-performance applications.

V

Varmint Rifle: A varmint rifle is a small-caliber firearm, typically chambered in calibers like .22 LR, or a high-powered airgun, specifically designed for hunting and controlling non-native, invasive, or nuisance animals—commonly known as varmints. These include pests such as rats, house sparrows, starlings, crows, ground squirrels, gophers, jackrabbits, marmots, groundhogs, and porcupines, as well as larger nuisance species like coyotes, skunks, feral cats, dogs, goats, pigs, and other animals that threaten native ecosystems, agricultural crops, or domestic animals. Varmint rifles are often favored for their precision, flat trajectories, and high velocity, making them ideal for accurately targeting small, fast-moving creatures over long distances.
Velocity: The speed and direction at which a projectile travels as it leaves the muzzle of a firearm. It is a critical factor in determining the range, accuracy, and impact energy of the projectile. Higher velocity often results in flatter trajectories, reduced bullet drop, and increased lethality, while lower velocity may be preferred for specific applications like subsonic ammunition or reducing recoil. Velocity is influenced by factors such as the caliber of the bullet, the length of the barrel, and the type of powder used in the cartridge. It plays a key role in determining the effectiveness of a firearm for different purposes, including hunting, self-defense, and long-range shooting.

W

Wadcutter: A specially designed bullet intended for target shooting, particularly in handgun and airgun competitions. Wadcutter bullets are typically used at close ranges and subsonic velocities (usually under 800 ft/s or 240 m/s). The defining feature of a wadcutter is its flat or nearly flat nose, which creates clean, round holes in paper targets, making it easier to score. This clean-cut design reduces scoring errors, benefiting the shooter. Wadcutter bullets are commonly made of soft lead to minimize recoil and maximize accuracy at short distances, especially in revolvers. Due to their precise, efficient design, they are ideal for use in competitive shooting disciplines where accuracy and clean target scoring are essential.
WCF: An acronym for “Winchester Center Fire,” referring to a series of cartridges developed by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. This designation is commonly used for centerfire cartridges like the .30–30 WCF and .32-20 WCF, which were popular in hunting and sporting applications. The “WCF” suffix indicates that the cartridge was part of Winchester’s legacy of innovative firearm and ammunition design, and it remains an iconic part of firearms history.
Weapon: A weapon is any instrument or tool used with the intent to cause harm, defend oneself, or gain an advantage in an offensive or defensive combat situation. While the most common examples include firearms, knives, and blunt objects, the definition of a weapon extends far beyond traditional implements of violence. Almost any object can be classified as a weapon depending on how it is used, including automobiles, baseball bats, bottles, pens, chairs, and even everyday items like a shovel or a belt. The key distinction lies in the intent behind its use—whether for inflicting harm, enforcing control, or protecting oneself. In many legal contexts, the classification of an object as a weapon is not based solely on its inherent nature but on the intent of the person using it and the situation at hand. For instance, a car is primarily a means of transportation, but if used recklessly or with malicious intent, it can become a dangerous weapon. Similarly, household items that might not traditionally be considered weapons can become tools of defense or aggression in specific circumstances. Thus, the line between a weapon and an everyday object is often defined by the context in which it is used rather than its form or design.
Weaver Stance: The Weaver stance is a two-handed pistol shooting posture in which the shooter positions their body at a slight angle to the target, with the dominant arm fully extended toward the target and the support arm bent, pulling back for stabilization. This stance creates a more compact, isometric structure, offering enhanced control and recoil management. While still favored by some shooters today, it has largely been overshadowed by the Isosceles stance in modern training and competitive shooting.
Weaver: The Weaver rail is an optics mounting system that, while visually similar to the Picatinny rail, is not compatible with it. Developed in the mid-20th century, the Weaver rail features a series of cross-slot grooves that allow for the attachment of scopes and other accessories. Although once widely used, it is now largely considered obsolete due to the superior standardization and wider compatibility of the Picatinny rail system. Despite this, the Weaver rail is still found on older firearms and some budget-friendly optics mounts.
Wheellock: An early and now obsolete firearm ignition mechanism that uses a rotating wheel to generate sparks, which ignites the powder in the firearm’s pan. The wheel is turned by a spring-driven mechanism, creating friction against a piece of pyrite, which produces a spark to ignite the gunpowder. While innovative for its time, the wheellock was eventually replaced by more reliable and efficient firing mechanisms, such as the flintlock.
Wildcat Cartridge or Wildcat: A custom-designed cartridge that is not mass-produced or commercially available. Wildcat cartridges are typically created by hand-loading or modifying existing commercial cartridges to enhance specific performance characteristics, such as power, size, velocity, or efficiency. These cartridges are often developed by firearm enthusiasts, handloaders, or manufacturers to meet niche requirements or to experiment with new ballistic concepts. Because they are not standardized, wildcat cartridges often require specialized firearms or modifications to function properly.
Windage: The horizontal adjustment of a firearm’s sights to correct for factors that cause the bullet to drift left or right during flight, such as wind. Windage allows the shooter to compensate for these lateral deviations by adjusting the sight alignment. This term can also refer to the actual lateral drift of a projectile due to wind or other environmental factors. Windage is crucial for ensuring accurate shots over long distances, especially in conditions where wind or crosswinds are a factor. The term is also commonly associated with “Kentucky windage,” which refers to compensating for windage by adjusting aim without adjusting the sights.

X

X-ring: The small, inner circle located at the center of a shooting target bullseye, used to identify the highest level of accuracy in a shot. In competitive shooting, the X-ring is often used as a tiebreaker to determine the winner in the event of an identical score between competitors. A shot within the X-ring signifies the greatest precision and is considered a superior hit compared to shots outside of it, even within the main scoring area.

Y

Yaw: In external ballistics, yaw refers to the deviation in the trajectory of a bullet caused by the Magnus effect, where the bullet’s spin influences its path, causing it to move off its intended straight line. This sideways movement occurs as the bullet’s rotational force interacts with the air, leading to slight changes in its heading. Yaw can impact accuracy, especially over longer distances, as it contributes to the bullet’s drift.

Z

Zero stop: A zero stop is a feature found on some scope sights that allows the user to quickly and precisely return the elevation or windage adjustments to their original zeroed setting after making adjustments for shooting at different distances. This mechanism ensures the sight can be reset to the default zero without the need for recalibration, providing a quick and reliable reference point for returning to the initial zeroed distance when switching between various target ranges. It is especially useful for shooters who frequently adjust their settings for different distances and need a consistent, repeatable return to their zero.
Zeroing, or zero-in: refers to the process of adjusting a firearm’s sighting system, such as a telescopic scope, so that the point of impact of the bullet precisely aligns with the point of aim at a predetermined distance. This ensures the firearm is accurately calibrated, allowing the shooter to hit the target with precision at that range. Zeroing is a crucial step in optimizing a firearm’s accuracy, and the specified distance can vary depending on the intended use, such as 100 yards for rifles or closer distances for handguns.

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